A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
A study of interactive 3D point location in a computer simulated virtual environment
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Scale effects in steering law tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: IEEE VR 2003
Hover widgets: using the tracking state to extend the capabilities of pen-operated devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Measuring the difficulty of steering through corners
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling steering within above-the-surface interaction layers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing for object picking in complex 3D environments
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
A simple method for estimating the latency of interactive, real-time graphics simulations
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Comparing Aimed Movements in the Real World and in Virtual Reality
VR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference
A human motor behavior model for distal pointing tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Revisiting path steering for 3D manipulation tasks
3DUI '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
Designing 3D selection techniques using ballistic and corrective movements
JVRC'09 Proceedings of the 15th Joint virtual reality Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Modeling the effect of force feedback for 3D steering tasks
EGVE - JVRC'11 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & Third Joint Virtual Reality
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The law of path steering, as proposed by Accot and Zhai, describes a quantitative relationship between the human temporal performance and the path spatial characteristics. The steering law is formulated as a continuous goal-crossing task, in which a large number of goals are crossed along the path. The steering law has been verified empirically for locomotion, in which a virtual driving task through straight and circular paths was performed. We revisit the path steering law for manipulation tasks in desktop virtual environments. We have conducted controlled experiments in which users operated a pen input device to steer a virtual ball through paths of varying length, width, curvature and orientation. Our results indicate that, although the steering law provides a good description of the overall task time as a function of index of difficulty ID=L/W, where L and W are the path length and width, it does not account for other relevant factors. We specifically show that the influence of curvature can be modeled by a percentage increase in steering time, independent of index of difficulty. The path orientation relative to the viewing direction has a periodic effect on the steering time, which can be optimally described by a function of Fourier series expansions. In addition, there is also an effect of the handedness of the subjects on the steering between the left and right districts in 3D manipulation tasks.