A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Force-feedback improves performance for steering and combined steering-targeting tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Scale effects in steering law tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An experimental study on the role of touch in shared virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction and collaborative virtual environments
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fisheyes are good for large steering tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human Movement Performance in Relation to Path Constraint - The Law of Steering in Locomotion
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
Maintaining Usability During 3D Placement Despite Delay
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
VRAIS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS '97)
Breaking the laws of action in the user interface
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Conception d'un outil pour l'étude des techniques de déplacement en environnement virtuel
IHM '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conferenceof the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Modeling steering within above-the-surface interaction layers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling human performance of pen stroke gestures
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff in Trajectory-Based Tasks with Temporal Constraint
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
A Model for Steering with Haptic-Force Guidance
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
Computer task-based evaluation technique for measuring everyday risk-taking behavior
UI-HCII'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Usability and internationalization
Revisiting path steering for 3D manipulation tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Effects of view, input device, and track width on video game driving
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
The effect of varying path properties in path steering tasks
EGVE - JVRC'10 Proceedings of the 16th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & Second Joint Virtual Reality
Modeling the effect of force feedback for 3D steering tasks
EGVE - JVRC'11 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & Third Joint Virtual Reality
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This paper is concerned with simple human performance "laws of action" for three classes of tasks--pointing, crossing, and steering, as well as their applications in Virtual Reality research. In comparison to Fitts' law of pointing, the "law of steering"-- the quantitative relationship between human temporal performance and the movement path's spatial characteristics--has been notably under investigated. After a review of research on the law of steering in different domains and time periods, we examine the applicability of the law of steering in a VR locomotion task. Participants drove a virtual vehicle in a virtual environment on paths whose shape and width were systematically manipulated. Results showed that the law of steering indeed applies to locomotion in Virtual Environments. Participants' mean trial completion times linearly correlated (r2 between 0.985 and 0.999) with an index of difficulty quantified as path length to width ratio for the straight and circular paths used in this experiment. On average both the mean and the maximum speeds of the participants were linearly proportional to path width. Such human performance regularity provides a quantitative too for 3D human-machine interface design and evaluation. We also propose to use the law-of-steering model in Virtual Reality manipulation tasks such as the "ring and wire" task in the future.