High resolution virtual reality
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating 3D task performance for fish tank virtual worlds
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
The “Silk Cursor”: investigating transparency for 3D target acquisition
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Some effects of angle of approach on icon selection
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Color Sequences for Univariate Maps: Theory, Experiments and Principles
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Integrating Perceptual and Symbolic Information in VR
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Exploring bimanual camera control and object manipulation in 3D graphics interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sampling, synthesis, and input devices
Communications of the ACM
Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1D selection of 2D objects in head-worn displays
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
VR '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2000 Conference
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: IEEE VR 2003
Multi-finger gestural interaction with 3d volumetric displays
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A probabilistic approach to modeling two-dimensional pointing
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Modeling pointing at targets of arbitrary shapes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Guidelines for 3D positioning techniques
Future Play '07 Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Future Play
Multimodal selection techniques for dense and occluded 3D virtual environments
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
An asymmetric 2D Pointer/3D Ray for 3D interaction within collaborative virtual environments
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
Visual feedback techniques for virtual pointing on stereoscopic displays
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
A user interface for VR-ready 3D medical imaging by off-the-shelf input devices
Computers in Biology and Medicine
A comparison of ray pointing techniques for very large displays
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
2d touching of 3d stereoscopic objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating the benefits of 3d stereo in modern video games
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pop-up depth views for improving 3D target acquisition
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
Extension de la norme ISO 9241-9 au pointage en 3D
23rd French Speaking Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
A system for evaluating 3D pointing techniques
Proceedings of the 18th ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Pointing at 3d target projections with one-eyed and stereo cursors
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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This study investigates the use of a 2D cursor presented to one eye for target selection in Fish Tank VR and other stereo environments. It is argued that 2D selection of 3D objects should be less difficult than 3D selection. Vision research concerning binocular rivalry and the tendency we have to project images onto surfaces suggests that this mode of viewing will not seem particularly unnatural. A Fitt's Law experiment was done to directly compare target acquisition with a one-eyed 2D cursor and target acquisition using a 3D cursor. In both cases we used the same input device (Polhemus Fastrak) so that the device lag and gain parameters were exactly matched. The results show a large improvement in target acquisition time using the 2D cursor. The practical implications of this is that the 2D selection method using a one-eyed cursor in preferable to the 3D selection method. Theoretical implications relate to methods for extending Fitts' Law from the one-dimensional task for which it was designed to 2D and 3D tasks. We conclude that the existing approaches to this problem are not adequate.