Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “Silk Cursor”: investigating transparency for 3D target acquisition
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A survey of design issues in spatial input
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
The go-go interaction technique: non-linear mapping for direct manipulation in VR
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Aperture based selection for immersive virtual environments
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Image plane interaction techniques in 3D immersive environments
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
HMDs, caves & chameleon: a human-centric analysis of interaction in virtual space
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Eye-hand co-ordination with force feedback
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Putting the feel in ’look and feel‘
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The role of contextual haptic and visual constraints on object manipulation in virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Distortion Viewing from 2D to 3D
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Solving multi-target haptic problems in menu interaction
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using Earcons to Improve the Usability of a Graphics Package
HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
The human-computer interaction handbook
HAPTICS '02 Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques
Resolving Multiple Occluded Layers in Augmented Reality
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Feeling bumps and holes without a haptic interface: the perception of pseudo-haptic textures
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Multi-finger gestural interaction with 3d volumetric displays
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
BalloonProbe: reducing occlusion in 3D using interactive space distortion
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Using the Non-Dominant Hand for Selection in 3D
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
iSith - Intersection-based Spatial Interaction for Two Hands
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Towards a General Model for Selection in Virtual Environments
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Tumble! Splat! helping users access and manipulate occluded content in 2D drawings
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
View projection animation for occlusion reduction
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
The design and evaluation of selection techniques for 3D volumetric displays
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A new approach to haptic augmentation of the GUI
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
An evaluation of sticky and force enhanced targets in multi target situations
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
An evaluation of virtual lenses for object selection in augmented reality
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia
Semantic pointing for object picking in complex 3D environments
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Starburst: a target expansion algorithm for non-uniform target distributions
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
A Taxonomy of 3D Occlusion Management for Visualization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Manipulating objects behind obstacles
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Haptic and sound grid for enhanced positioning in a 3-D virtual environment
HAID'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Haptic and audio interaction design
HAID'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
Editorial: Current trends in 3D user interface research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Investigating the Possibility of Adaptation and Personalization in Virtual Environments
UMAP '09 Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization: formerly UM and AH
Target Acquisition with Force Feedback: The Effect of Different Forces on the User's Performance
HAID '09 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
Adaptation in virtual environments: conceptual framework and user models
Multimedia Tools and Applications
An integrated framework for universal motion control
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
An interactive 3D movement path manipulation method in an augmented reality environment
Interacting with Computers
UMAP'10 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization
Facilitating adaptation in virtual environments using a context-aware model-based design process
TAMODIA'09 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design
Assessing a multimodal user interface in a target acquisition task
BCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers
Starfish: a selection technique for dense virtual environments
Proceedings of the 18th ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Bubble bee, an alternative to arrow for pointing out directions
Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
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Object selection is a primary interaction technique which must be supported by any interactive three-dimensional virtual reality application. Although numerous techniques exist, few have been designed to support the selection of objects in dense target environments, or the selection of objects which are occluded from the user's viewpoint. There is, thus, a limited understanding on how these important factors will affect selection performance. In this paper, we present a set of design guidelines and strategies to aid the development of selection techniques which can compensate for environment density and target visibility. Based on these guidelines, we present new forms of the ray casting and bubble cursor selection techniques, which are augmented with visual, audio, and haptic feedback, to support selection within dense and occluded 3D target environments. We perform a series of experiments to evaluate these new techniques, varying both the environment density and target visibility. The results provide an initial understanding of how these factors affect selection performance. Furthermore, the results showed that our new techniques adequately allowed users to select targets which were not visible from their initial viewpoint. The audio and haptic feedback did not provide significant improvements, and our analysis indicated that our introduced visual feedback played the most critical role in aiding the selection task.