A morphological analysis of the design space of input devices
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
Graphical fisheye views of graphs
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The challenges of 3D interaction: a CHI '94 workshop
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Passive real-world interface props for neurosurgical visualization
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “Silk Cursor”: investigating transparency for 3D target acquisition
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A survey of design issues in spatial input
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Virtual reality on a WIM: interactive worlds in miniature
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The go-go interaction technique: non-linear mapping for direct manipulation in VR
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Aperture based selection for immersive virtual environments
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The influence of muscle groups on performance of multiple degree-of-freedom input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Image plane interaction techniques in 3D immersive environments
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Moving objects in space: exploiting proprioception in virtual-environment interaction
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A framework and testbed for studying manipulation techniques for immersive VR
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Towards usable VR: an empirical study of user interfaces for immersive virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Interacting with eye movements in virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Hand eye coordination patterns in target selection
ETRA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Towards preferences in virtual environment interfaces
EGVE '02 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2002
A survey of usability evaluation in virtual environments: classification and comparison of methods
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Virtual environments: Virtual environments and mobile robots: Control, simulation, and robot pilot training
Gaze- vs. hand-based pointing in virtual environments
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hand-Held Windows: Towards Effective 2D Interaction in Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
Evaluation of the effects of frame time variation on VR task performance
VRAIS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS '97)
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Distance perception in real and virtual environments
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Precise and Rapid Interaction through Scaled Manipulation in Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Exploring Individual Differences in Raybased Selection; Strategies and Traits
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Distant freehand pointing and clicking on very large, high resolution displays
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Cognitive comparison of 3D interaction in front of large vs. small displays
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
BalloonProbe: reducing occlusion in 3D using interactive space distortion
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Overcoming World in Miniature Limitations by a Scaled and Scrolling WIM
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Using the Non-Dominant Hand for Selection in 3D
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
iSith - Intersection-based Spatial Interaction for Two Hands
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Toward Disambiguating Multiple Selections for Frustum-Based Pointing
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Towards a General Model for Selection in Virtual Environments
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
The design and evaluation of selection techniques for 3D volumetric displays
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Virtual Environments: Anisomorphic ray-casting manipulation for interacting with 2D GUIs
Computers and Graphics
PRISM interaction for enhancing control in immersive virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The Virtual Venue: User-Computer Interaction in Information-Rich Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Technical Section: View-projection animation for 3D occlusion management
Computers and Graphics
Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-WIMP interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Adaptive cutaways for comprehensible rendering of polygonal scenes
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
Improving 3D Selection in VEs through Expanding Targets and Forced Disocclusion
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
A Taxonomy of 3D Occlusion Management for Visualization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Overcoming eye-hand visibility mismatch in 3D pointing selection
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Effects of tracking technology, latency, and spatial jitter on object movement
3DUI '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
A natural, tiered and executable UIDL for 3D user interfaces based on Concept-Oriented Design
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Visual feedback techniques for virtual pointing on stereoscopic displays
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
Building on Realism and Magic for Designing 3D Interaction Techniques
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Efficient 3D Pointing Selection in Cluttered Virtual Environments
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Evaluating the need for display-specific and device-specific 3D interaction techniques
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Dwell-based pointing in applications of human computer interaction
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
Reflecting on the design and implementation issues of virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A human motor behavior model for distal pointing tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Hand-based disocclusion for the world-in-miniature metaphor
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
2d touching of 3d stereoscopic objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Adaptation in virtual environments: conceptual framework and user models
Multimedia Tools and Applications
The design and evaluation of 3D positioning techniques for multi-touch displays
3DUI '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
Improving co-located collaboration with show-through techniques
3DUI '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
Rapid and accurate 3D selection by progressive refinement
3DUI '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
Pointing at 3D targets in a stereo head-tracked virtual environment
3DUI '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
HAID'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
Dense and Dynamic 3D Selection for Game-Based Virtual Environments
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Towards a linguistically motivated model for selection in virtual reality
VR '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Virtual Reality
IntenSelect: using dynamic object rating for assisting 3D object selection
EGVE'05 Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
A survey and taxonomy of 3D menu techniques
EGVE'06 Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Introduction: Foreword to the special section on touching the 3rd dimension
Computers and Graphics
Guidance rays: 3D object selection based on multi-ray in dense scenario
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
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Computer graphics applications controlled through natural gestures are gaining increasing popularity these days due to recent developments in low-cost tracking systems and gesture recognition technologies. Although interaction techniques through natural gestures have already demonstrated their benefits in manipulation, navigation and avatar-control tasks, effective selection with pointing gestures remains an open problem. In this paper we survey the state-of-the-art in 3D object selection techniques. We review important findings in human control models, analyze major factors influencing selection performance, and classify existing techniques according to a number of criteria. Unlike other components of the application's user interface, pointing techniques need a close coupling with the rendering pipeline, introducing new elements to be drawn, and potentially modifying the object layout and the way the scene is rendered. Conversely, selection performance is affected by rendering issues such as visual feedback, depth perception, and occlusion management. We thus review existing literature paying special attention to those aspects in the boundary between computer graphics and human-computer interaction.