CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Powermice and user performance
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The perspective wall: detail and context smoothly integrated
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
Integrality and separability of input devices
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The “Silk Cursor”: investigating transparency for 3D target acquisition
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An experimental evaluation of transparent user interface tools and information content
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Input devices and interaction techniques for advanced computing
Virtual environments and advanced interface design
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Physical versus virtual pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
The ergonomics of computer pointing devices
The ergonomics of computer pointing devices
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Acquisition of expanding targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Solving multi-target haptic problems in menu interaction
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human on-line response to target expansion
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Object pointing: a complement to bitmap pointing in GUIs
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
Preface: Fitts' law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Target acquisition in multiscale electronic worlds
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Predictive interaction using the delphian desktop
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Perspective cursor: perspective-based interaction for multi-display environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bubble radar: efficient pen-based interaction
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Shakespeare's complete works as a benchmark for evaluating multiscale document navigation techniques
Proceedings of the 2006 AVI workshop on BEyond time and errors: novel evaluation methods for information visualization
An evaluation of sticky and force enhanced targets in multi target situations
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Pointing and beyond: an operationalization and preliminary evaluation of multi-scale searching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Targeting across displayless space
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bringing the target to the cursor: proxy targets for older adults
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usability of optically simulated haptic feedback
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Perceptibility and utility of sticky targets
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Semantic pointing for object picking in complex 3D environments
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Improving 3D Selection in VEs through Expanding Targets and Forced Disocclusion
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
Kinematic templates: end-user tools for content-relative cursor manipulations
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Overcoming eye-hand visibility mismatch in 3D pointing selection
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Motion-pointing: target selection using elliptical motions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DynaSpot: speed-dependent area cursor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The angle mouse: target-agnostic dynamic gain adjustment based on angular deviation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gaze-augmented manual interaction
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An evaluation of techniques for selecting moving targets
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Visual feedback techniques for virtual pointing on stereoscopic displays
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
Perception of mechanically and optically simulated bumps and holes
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Speeding pointing in tiled widgets: understanding the effects of target expansion and misprediction
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Efficient 3D pointing selection in cluttered virtual environments
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Eye and pointer coordination in search and selection tasks
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
High-precision magnification lenses
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Why it's quick to be square: modelling new and existing hierarchical menu designs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A model of novice and expert navigation performance in constrained-input interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A framework for robust and flexible handling of inputs with uncertainty
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
UIMarks: quick graphical interaction with specific targets
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Towards a unified framework for modeling, dispatching, and interpreting uncertain input
UIST '10 Adjunct proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Efficacité et robustesse aux distracteurs d'un retour tactile pour faciliter le pointage
Conference Internationale Francophone sur I'Interaction Homme-Machine
TorusDesktop: pointing via the backdoor is sometimes shorter
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comet and target ghost: techniques for selecting moving targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Target assistance for subtly balancing competitive play
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Enhancing physicality in touch interaction with programmable friction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Surfpad: riding towards targets on a squeeze film effect
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Effects of motor scale, visual scale, and quantization on small target acquisition difficulty
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Probabilistic pointing target prediction via inverse optimal control
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
I did that! Measuring users' experience of agency in their own actions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing 3D selection techniques using ballistic and corrective movements
JVRC'09 Proceedings of the 15th Joint virtual reality Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Action graphs and user performance analysis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Examining the costs of multiple trajectory pointing techniques
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Analysis and comparison of target assistance techniques for relative ray-cast pointing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
PointAssist: assisting individuals with motor impairments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing disambiguation techniques for pointing in the physical world
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Improving navigation-based file retrieval
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mobile pointing task in the physical world: balancing focus and performance while disambiguating
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
The wise cursor: assisted selection in 3D serious games
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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We survey recent research into new techniques for artificially facilitating pointing at targets in graphical user interfaces. While pointing in the physical world is governed by Fitts' law and constrained by physical laws, pointing in the virtual world does not necessarily have to abide by the same constraints, opening the possibility for "beating" Fitts' law with the aid of the computer by artificially reducing the target distance, increasing the target width, or both. The survey suggests that while the techniques developed to date are promising, particularly when applied to the selection of single isolated targets, many of them do not scale well to the common situation in graphical user interfaces where multiple targets are located in close proximity.