A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “Silk Cursor”: investigating transparency for 3D target acquisition
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Studying the movement of high-tech Rodentia: pointing and dragging
CHI '93 INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of three selection techniques for touchpads
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Testing pointing device performance and user assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 standard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems
Communications of the ACM
Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Acquisition of expanding targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
High precision touch screen interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human on-line response to target expansion
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TNT: a numeric keypad based text input method
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ZoneZoom: map navigation for smartphones with recursive view segmentation
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Object pointing: a complement to bitmap pointing in GUIs
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The vacuum: facilitating the manipulation of distant objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Preface: Fitts' law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
PieCursor: merging pointing and command selection for rapid in-place tool switching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DynaSpot: speed-dependent area cursor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Efficient pointing is crucial to graphical user interfaces, and input techniques that dynamically change their activation area may yield improvements over point cursors by making objects selectable at a distance. Input techniques that dynamically change their activation area include the bubble cursor, whose activation area always contains the closest object, and two variants of cell cursors, whose activation areas contain a set of objects in the vicinity of the cursor. We report two experiments that compare these techniques to a point cursor; in one experiment participants use a touchpad for operating the input techniques, in the other a mouse. In both experiments, the bubble cursor is fastest and participants make fewer errors with it. Participants also unanimously prefer this technique. For small targets, the cell cursors are generally more accurate than the point cursor; in the second experiment the box cursor is also faster. The cell cursors succeed in letting participants select objects while the cursor is far away from the target, but are relatively slow in the final phase of target acquisition. We discuss limitations and possible enhancements of input techniques with activation areas that contain multiple objects.