Extending State Transition Diagrams for the Specification of Human-Computer Interaction
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Annals of discrete mathematics, 24
Probabilistic state machines: dialog management for inputs with uncertainty
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Patterns of entry and correction in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mutual disambiguation of recognition errors in a multimodel architecture
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ten myths of multimodal interaction
Communications of the ACM
Providing integrated toolkit-level support for ambiguity in recognition-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interaction techniques for ambiguity resolution in recognition-based interfaces
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Acquisition of expanding targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extensible input handling in the subArctic toolkit
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Understanding pointing problems in real world computing environments
Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
A system for interactive graphical programming
AFIPS '68 (Spring) Proceedings of the April 30--May 2, 1968, spring joint computer conference
Contact area interaction with sliding widgets
Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Towards a unified framework for modeling, dispatching, and interpreting uncertain input
UIST '10 Adjunct proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Sensor synaesthesia: touch in motion, and motion in touch
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Monte carlo methods for managing interactive state, action and feedback under uncertainty
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The proximity toolkit: prototyping proxemic interactions in ubiquitous computing ecologies
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
FingerFlux: near-surface haptic feedback on tabletops
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Emerging Input Technologies for Always-Available Mobile Interaction
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Proton: multitouch gestures as regular expressions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fusion in multimodal interactive systems: an HMM-based algorithm for user-induced adaptation
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
A user-specific machine learning approach for improving touch accuracy on mobile devices
Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Machine learning models for uncertain interaction
Adjunct proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
GestureAgents: an agent-based framework for concurrent multi-task multi-user interaction
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Gesture studio: authoring multi-touch interactions through demonstration and declaration
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GestIT: a declarative and compositional framework for multiplatform gesture definition
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Bayesian touch: a statistical criterion of target selection with finger touch
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
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New input technologies (such as touch), recognition based input (such as pen gestures) and next-generation interactions (such as inexact interaction) all hold the promise of more natural user interfaces. However, these techniques all create inputs with some uncertainty. Unfortunately, conventional infrastructure lacks a method for easily handling uncertainty, and as a result input produced by these technologies is often converted to conventional events as quickly as possible, leading to a stunted interactive experience. We present a framework for handling input with uncertainty in a systematic, extensible, and easy to manipulate fashion. To illustrate this framework, we present several traditional interactors which have been extended to provide feedback about uncertain inputs and to allow for the possibility that in the end that input will be judged wrong (or end up going to a different interactor). Our six demonstrations include tiny buttons that are manipulable using touch input, a text box that can handle multiple interpretations of spoken input, a scrollbar that can respond to inexactly placed input, and buttons which are easier to click for people with motor impairments. Our framework supports all of these interactions by carrying uncertainty forward all the way through selection of possible target interactors, interpretation by interactors, generation of (uncertain) candidate actions to take, and a mediation process that decides (in a lazy fashion) which actions should become final.