CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pad: an alternative approach to the computer interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A review and taxonomy of distortion-oriented presentation techniques
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Being digital
Space-scale diagrams: understanding multiscale interfaces
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Critical zones in desert fog: aids to multiscale navigation
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Navigation as multiscale pointing: extending Fitts' model to very high precision tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Jazz: an extensible zoomable user interface graphics toolkit in Java
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Scale effects in steering law tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reading of electronic documents: the usability of linear, fisheye, and overview+detail interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Communications of the ACM - Internet abuse in the workplace and Game engines in scientific research
A framework for unifying presentation space
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Disentangling relative from absolute amplitude in Fitts' law experiments
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing interaction, not interfaces
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
View size and pointing difficulty in multi-scale navigation
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
3Book: a 3D electronic smart book
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Preface: Fitts' law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
A comparison of two methods of scaling on form perception via a haptic interface
ICMI '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
OrthoZoom scroller: 1D multi-scale navigation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Allowing camera tilts for document navigation in the standard GUI: a discussion and an experiment
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Etude préliminaire visant la détermination de seuils de confort pour un zoom haptique
IHM 2005 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Francophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Shakespeare's complete works as a benchmark for evaluating multiscale document navigation techniques
Proceedings of the 2006 AVI workshop on BEyond time and errors: novel evaluation methods for information visualization
Which one is better?: information navigation techniques for spatially aware handheld displays
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing and beyond: an operationalization and preliminary evaluation of multi-scale searching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Browsing Zoomable Treemaps: Structure-Aware Multi-Scale Navigation Techniques
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Sigma lenses: focus-context transitions combining space, time and translucence
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Target acquisition with camera phones when used as magic lenses
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sensing-based interaction for information navigation on handheld displays
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Zoom interaction design for pen-operated portable devices
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
TapTap and MagStick: improving one-handed target acquisition on small touch-screens
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Treemaps zoomables: techniques d'interaction multi-échelles pour les treemaps
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mid-air pan-and-zoom on wall-sized displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Around device interaction for multiscale navigation
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
FlexView: an evaluation of depth navigation on deformable mobile devices
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
A model of navigation for very large data views
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013
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Since the advent of graphical user interfaces, electronic information has grown exponentially, whereas the size of screen displays has stayed almost the same. Multiscale interfaces were designed to address this mismatch, allowing users to adjust the scale at which they interact with information objects. The technology has progressed quickly and the theory has lagged behind. Multiscale interfaces pose a stimulating theoretical challenge: reformulating the classic target-acquisition problem from the physical world into an infinitely rescalable electronic world. We address this challenge by extending Fitts' original pointing paradigm: we introduce the scale variable, thus defining a multiscale pointing paradigm. This article reports on our theoretical and empirical results. We show that target-acquisition performance in a zooming interface must obey Fitts' law and, more specifically, that target-acquisition time must be proportional to the index of difficulty. Moreover, we complement Fitts' law by accounting for the effect of view size on pointing performance, showing that performance bandwidth is proportional to view size, up to a ceiling effect. Our first empirical study shows that Fitts' law does apply to a zoomable interface for indices of difficulty up to and beyond 30 bits. whereas classical Fitts' law studies have been confined in the 2-10 bit range. Our second study demonstrates a strong interaction between view size and task difficulty for multiscale pointing, and shows a surprisingly low ceiling. We conclude with implications of these findings for the design of multiscale user interfaces.