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Cognitive overheads and prostheses: some issues in evaluating hypertexts
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Seesoft-A Tool for Visualizing Line Oriented Software Statistics
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Designing usable electronic text: ergonomic aspects of information usage
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Information seeking in electronic environments
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A trainable document summarizer
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Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
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Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Readings in information retrieval
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Digital libraries and knowledge disaggregation: the use of journal article components
Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries
Integrated multi scale text retrieval visualization
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Readings in information visualization: using vision to think
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The reader's helper: a personalized document reading environment
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The tangled Web we wove: a taskonomy of WWW use
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A scrollbar-based visualization for document navigation
Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on Digital libraries
Measuring usability: are effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction really correlated?
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Image-Browser Taxonomy and Guidelines for Designers
IEEE Software
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Interacting with hypertext: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
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Pointing and beyond: an operationalization and preliminary evaluation of multi-scale searching
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Reading of electronic documents is becoming increasingly important as more information is disseminated electronically. We present an experiment that compares the usability of a linear, a fisheye, and an overview+detail interface for electronic documents. Using these interfaces, 20 subjects wrote essays and answered questions about scientific documents. Essays written using the overview+detail interface received higher grades, while subjects using the fisheye interface read documents faster. However, subjects used more time to answer questions with the overview+detail interface. All but one subject preferred the overview+detail interface. The most common interface in practical use, the linear interface, is found to be inferior to the fisheye and overview+detail interfaces regarding most aspects of usability. We recommend using overview+detail interfaces for electronic documents, while fisheye interfaces mainly should be considered for time-critical tasks.