Graphical fisheye views of graphs
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of four navigation techniques in a 2D browsing task
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Speed-dependent automatic zooming for browsing large documents
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Reading of electronic documents: the usability of linear, fisheye, and overview+detail interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Quantitative analysis of scrolling techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Halo: a technique for visualizing off-screen objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
WinCuts: manipulating arbitrary window regions for more effective use of screen space
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
Navigating documents with the virtual scroll ring
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A remote control interface for large displays
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The vacuum: facilitating the manipulation of distant objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Summary thumbnails: readable overviews for small screen web browsers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving selection of off-screen targets with hopping
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
A-POInter: an adaptive mobile tourist guide
SAICSIT '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists
Characterizing user performance with assisted direct off-screen pointing
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
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Many systems - such as map viewers or visual editors - provide a limited viewport onto a larger graphical workspace. The limited viewport means that users often have to navigate to objects and locations that are off screen. Although techniques such as zooming, panning, or overview+detail views allow users to navigate off-screen, little is known about how different techniques perform for different types of off-screen tasks, and whether one technique works well for all tasks. We carried out two studies to explore these issues. The first study compared the performance of three classes of techniques (zoom, overview+detail, and proxy) in six types of off-screen tasks. We found that the techniques show substantial differences across different tasks and that no one technique is suitable for all types of off-screen navigation. This study led to the design of two novel hybrid navigation techniques - WinHop and Multiscale Zoom - that combine properties of multiple simpler approaches in an attempt to broaden support for off-screen navigation. We carried out a second study to assess the hybrid techniques, and found that they do provide reliable performance on a wide range of tasks. Our results suggest that integrating complimentary properties from different approaches can significantly improve performance in off-screen navigation tasks.