Measuring usability: are effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction really correlated?

  • Authors:

  • Erik Frøkjær;Morten Hertzum;Kasper Hornbæk

  • Affiliations:

  • Dept. of Computing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ø, Denmark;Centre for Human-Machine Interaction, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark;Dept. of Computing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ø, Denmark

  • Venue:
  • Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
  • Year:
  • 2000

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Abstract

Usability comprises the aspects effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. The correlations between these aspects are not well understood for complex tasks. We present data from an experiment where 87 subjects solved 20 information retrieval tasks concerning programming problems. The correlation between efficiency, as indicated by task completion time, and effectiveness, as indicated by quality of solution, was negligible. Generally, the correlations among the usability aspects depend in a complex way on the application domain, the user's experience, and the use context. Going through three years of CHI Proceedings, we find that 11 out of 19 experimental studies involving complex tasks account for only one or two aspects of usability. When these studies make claims concerning overall usability, they rely on risky assumptions about correlations between usability aspects. Unless domain specific studies suggest otherwise, effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction should be considered independent aspect of usability and all be included in usability testing.