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International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Why reading was slower from CRT displays than from paper
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Multi-window displays for readers of lengthy texts
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Reflections on NoteCards: seven issues for the next generation of hypermedia systems
Communications of the ACM
Reading and writing with computers: a framework for explaining differences in performance
Communications of the ACM
A comparison of hypertext, scrolling and folding as mechanisms for program browsing
Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the British Computer Society on People and computers IV
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International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
gIBIS: a hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Formative design evaluation of superbook
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Information-seeking strategies of novices using a full-text electronic encyclopedia
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
Information retrieval using a hypertext-based help system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
The matters that really matter for hypertext usability
HYPERTEXT '89 Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Hypertext
Hypertext and hypermedia
EDBT '90 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on extending database technology: Advances in Database Technology
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Extending hypertext for learning: an investigation of access and guidance tools
Proceedings of the fifth conference of the British Computer Society, Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group on People and computers V
Information search with dynamic test vs paper text: an empirical comparison
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Cognitive overheads and prostheses: some issues in evaluating hypertexts
HYPERTEXT '91 Proceedings of the third annual ACM conference on Hypertext
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Hypermedia
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INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
The Dexter hypertext reference model
Communications of the ACM
Design issues for a Dexter-based hypermedia system
Communications of the ACM
Using hypertext for college course information
Computers & Education
An extended fisheye view browser for collaborative writing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
HyperText: State of the Art
Supporting collaboration in notecards
CSCW '86 Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
The interface to a hypertext journal
INTERACT '90 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Third Interational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
A study of measures for research in hypertext navigation
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HYPERTEXT '97 Proceedings of the eighth ACM conference on Hypertext
MAPA: a system for inducing and visualizing hierarchy in Websites
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Automatically generated hypertext versions of scholarly articles and their evaluation
HYPERTEXT '00 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM on Hypertext and hypermedia
Teaching a first-level programming course to management students: a flexible approach
ACSE '00 Proceedings of the Australasian conference on Computing education
Reading of electronic documents: the usability of linear, fisheye, and overview+detail interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Support concepts for Web navigation: a cognitive engineering approach
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on World Wide Web
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Experimental evaluation of hypertext access structures
Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice
Learning Grammar with Adaptive Hypertexts: Reading or Searching?
AH '02 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems
Reading patterns and usability in visualizations of electronic documents
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
An empirical study of the effects of interactivity on web user attitude
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Improving graphical information system model use with elision and connecting lines
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
MemoSpace: a visualization tool for web navigation
WWW '05 Special interest tracks and posters of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Individual differences in internet search outcomes and processes
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Signposts on the digital highway
Interacting with Computers
Computers in Human Behavior
Promoting self-regulated learning in web-based learning environments
Computers in Human Behavior
Cognitive load in hypertext reading: A review
Computers in Human Behavior
The influence of information presentation formats on complex task decision-making performance
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Autonomous authoring tools for hypertext
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
An empirical study on the recall of site map of home pages on the World Wide Web
AIC'05 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Informatics and Communications
An investigation of user communication behavior in computer mediated environments
Computers in Human Behavior
Influence of individual factors on presence
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Promoting active learning: the role of system structure in learning from hypertext
Human-Computer Interaction
Semantic scaffolds in hypermedia learning environments
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Differential benefits of situated instructional prompts
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ThinkSpace: the collaborative process of designing new technologies for the classroom
WikiSym '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Wikis
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Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Efficient electronic navigation: A metaphorical question?
Interacting with Computers
Facilitating consumption of online social networking services on mobile devices
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A novel mobile device user interface with integrated social networking services
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Game-Based Learning
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The meta-analysis compared and synthesized the results of 23 experimental studies on hypertext. The analysis was based on 56 pairs of effect sizes and significance levels of the impact of users, tasks, and tools on interactions with hypertext. This analysis focused on three factors that prevailingly influence the use of hypertext: the cognitive styles and spatial ability of users; the complexity of tasks; and the structure of information organization and the visualization of the structure. The meta-analysis found that this group of experimental studies reported significantly discrepant findings, indicating that substantial differences exist among individual experiments. Individual differences in cognition did not yield enough evidence to conclude that the effect sizes are significantly apart from zero. The meta-analysis showed that the overall performance of hypertext users tended to be more effective than that of nonhypertext users, but the differences in efficiency measures were consistently in favor of nonhypertext users. Users benefited more from hypertext tools for open tasks. Overall, the complexity of tasks has the largest combined effect sizes. Graphical maps that visualize the organization of hypertext have significant impact on the usefulness of a hypertext system. This meta-analysis raised two issues concerned with the present hypertext literature: (a) the absence of a taxonomy of tasks for analyzing and comparing hypertext usability across studies, and (b) the weaknesses of the connections between abstract hypertext reference models and specific hypertext systems. These weaknesses may considerably undermine the significance of individual findings on hypertext usability. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that the discrepancies among empirical findings are related to these weaknesses. Future work on hypertext usability should emphasize task taxonomies along with longitudinal and ethnographic studies for a deep understanding of the interactions between users and hypertext. Recommended research issues for the future are highlighted in Section 5.