CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual reality for palmtop computers
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Situated information spaces and spatially aware palmtop computers
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Pad: an alternative approach to the computer interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Integrality and separability of input devices
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Two-handed input in a compound task
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Navigating hierarchically clustered networks through fisheye and full-zoom methods
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Tilting operations for small screen interfaces
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Pick-and-drop: a direct manipulation technique for multiple computer environments
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Squeeze me, hold me, tilt me! An exploration of manipulative user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Implementing a zooming user interface: experience building Pad++
Software—Practice & Experience
Issues and techniques in touch-sensitive tablet input
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Multistream input: an experimental study of document scrolling methods
IBM Systems Journal
Sensing techniques for mobile interaction
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Speed-dependent automatic zooming for browsing large documents
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Dual touch: a two-handed interface for pen-based PDAs
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Multiscale pointing: facilitating pan-zoom coordination
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Rock 'n' Scroll Is Here to Stay
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Pan-zoom coordination in multi-scale pointing
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Halo: a technique for visualizing off-screen objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving Browsing Performance: A study of four input devices for scrolling and pointing tasks
INTERACT '97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interantional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
A three-state model of graphical input
INTERACT '90 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Third Interational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Input technologies and techniques
The human-computer interaction handbook
One-point touch input of vector information for computer displays
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fluid interaction techniques for the control and annotation of digital video
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Two-handed interaction on a tablet display
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
View size and pointing difficulty in multi-scale navigation
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Pocket PhotoMesa: a Zoomable image browser for PDAs
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile and ubiquitous multimedia
Tuning and testing scrolling interfaces that automatically zoom
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AppLens and launchTile: two designs for one-handed thumb use on small devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of techniques for multi-display reaching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Experimental analysis of mode switching techniques in pen-based user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Target acquisition in multiscale electronic worlds
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Making an impression: force-controlled pen input for handheld devices
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Foreground and background interaction with sensor-enhanced mobile devices
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Mobile text entry: relationship between walking speed and text input task difficulty
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
When it gets more difficult, use both hands: exploring bimanual curve manipulation
GI '05 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2005
Bimanual and unimanual image alignment: an evaluation of mouse-based techniques
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Zliding: fluid zooming and sliding for high precision parameter manipulation
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
An evaluation of integrated zooming and scrolling on small screens
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Design of spatially aware graspable displays
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
OrthoZoom scroller: 1D multi-scale navigation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Hover widgets: using the tracking state to extend the capabilities of pen-operated devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Keepin' it real: pushing the desktop metaphor with physics, piles and the pen
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Concurrent bimanual stylus interaction: a study of non-preferred hand mode manipulation
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Fluid inking: augmenting the medium of free-form inking with gestures
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Scan and tilt: towards natural interaction for mobile museum guides
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Dynamics of tilt-based browsing on mobile devices
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semi-automatic zooming for mobile map navigation
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Is tilt interaction better than keypad interaction for mobile map-based applications?
SAICSIT '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists
Improving the controllability of tilt interaction for mobile map-based applications
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Maps are currently the most common application domain for zoomable user interfaces (ZUIs). Standard techniques for controlling such interfaces on pen-operated devices usually rely on sequential interaction, i.e. the users can either zoom or pan. A more advanced technique is speed-dependent automatic zooming (SDAZ), which combines rate-based panning and zooming into a single operation and thus enables concurrent interaction. Yet another navigation strategy is to allow for concurrent, but separate, zooming and panning. However, due to the limitations of stylus input, this feature requires the pen-operated device to be enhanced with additional input dimensions. We propose one unimanual approach based on pen pressure, and one bimanual approach in which users pan the view with the pen while manipulating the scale by tilting the device. In total, we developed four interfaces (standard, SDAZ, pressure, and tilting) and compared them in a usability study with 32 participants. The results show that SDAZ performed well for both simple speed tasks and more complex navigation scenarios, but that the coupled interaction led to much user frustration. In a preference vote, the participants strongly rejected the interface and stated that they found it difficult and irksome to control. This result enhances previous research, which in most cases found a high user preference for SDAZ, but focused solely on simple speed tasks. In contrast, the pressure and tilt interfaces were much appreciated, which, considering the novelty of these approaches, is highly encouraging. However, in solving the test tasks the participants took hardly any advantage of parallel interaction. For a map view of 600x600 pixels, this resulted in task-completion times comparable to those for the standard interface. For a smaller 300x300 pixels view, the standard interface was actually significantly faster than the two novel techniques. This ratio is also reflected in the preference votes. While for the larger 600x600 pixels view the tilt interface was the most popular, the standard interface was rated highest for the 300x300 pixels view. Hence, on a smaller display, precise interaction may have an increased impact on the interface usability. Overall, we believe that the alternative interaction techniques show great potential for further development. In particular, a redesign should encourage parallel interaction more strongly and also provide improved support for precise navigation.