A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Testing pointing device performance and user assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 standard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Acquisition of expanding targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human on-line response to target expansion
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An Evaluation of Two Input Devices for Remote Pointing
EHCI '01 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP International Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An isometric joystick as a pointing device for handheld information terminals
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Preface: Fitts' law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Target acquisition in multiscale electronic worlds
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Improving text entry performance for Spanish-speaking non-expert and impaired users
CLIHC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 Latin American conference on Human-computer interaction
A powerful pseudo-syllabic text entry paradigm
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Current practice in measuring usability: Challenges to usability studies and research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Shakespeare's complete works as a benchmark for evaluating multiscale document navigation techniques
Proceedings of the 2006 AVI workshop on BEyond time and errors: novel evaluation methods for information visualization
Variability of throughput in pointing device tests: button-up or button-down?
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
User performance with trackball-mice
Interacting with Computers
Direct-touch vs. mouse input for tabletop displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
RubberEdge: reducing clutching by combining position and rate control with elastic feedback
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' throughput and the speed-accuracy tradeoff
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The performance of touch screen soft buttons
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Foundations for designing and evaluating user interfaces based on the crossing paradigm
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Comparing user performance with single-finger, whole-hand, and hybrid pointing devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predicting Chinese text entry speeds on mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Only one Fitts' law formula please!
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Enhancing digital inclusion with an English pseudo-syllabic keyboard
USAB'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on HCI in work and learning, life and leisure: workgroup human-computer interaction and usability engineering
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A Fitt of distraction: measuring the impact of distracters and multi-users on pointing efficiency
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluation of motion-based interaction for mobile devices: A case study on image browsing
Interacting with Computers
On the limits of the human motor control precision: the search for a device's human resolution
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to account for the effects of movement direction on 2d pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An investigation of the relationship between texture and human performance in steering tasks
Proceedings of the 10th asia pacific conference on Computer human interaction
A new test of throughput invariance in Fitts' law: role of the intercept and of Jensen's inequality
BCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers
FittsTilt: the application of Fitts' law to tilt-based interaction
Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design
Information capacity of full-body movements
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Can we beat the mouse with MAGIC?
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing at 3d target projections with one-eyed and stereo cursors
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How fast is fast enough?: a study of the effects of latency in direct-touch pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An application of the ballistic movement method for evaluating computer mice
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: users and contexts of use - Volume Part III
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Throughput (TP), also known as index of performance or bandwidth in Fitts' law tasks, has been a fundamental metric in quantifying input system performance. The operational definition of TP is varied in the literature. In part thanks to the common interpretations of International Standard ISO 9241-9, the "Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals-- Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices", the measurements of throughput have increasingly converged onto the average ratio of index of difficulty (ID) and trial completion time (MT), i.e. TP=ID/MT. In lieu of the complete Fitts' law regression results that can only be represented by both slope (b) and intercept (a) (or MT=a+b ID), TP has been used as the sole performance characteristic of input devices, which is problematic. We show that TP defined as ID/ MT is an ill-defined concept that may change its value with the set of ID values used for the same input device and cannot be generalized beyond specific experimental target distances and sizes. The greater the absolute value of a is, the more variable TP (=ID/MT) is. ID/MT only equals a constant 1/b when a = 0. We suggest that future studies should use the complete Fitts' law regression characterized by (a, b) parameters to characterize an input system, a reflects the noninformational aspect and b the informational aspect of input performance. For convenience, 1/b can be named as throughput which, unlike ID/MT, is conceptually a true constant.