Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.)
The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.)
The art of computer programming, volume 1 (3rd ed.): fundamental algorithms
The art of computer programming, volume 1 (3rd ed.): fundamental algorithms
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems
Communications of the ACM
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Layout Appropriateness: A Metric for Evaluating User Interface Widget Layout
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Performance Evaluation as a Tool for Quantitative Assessment of Complexity of Interactive Systems
DSV-IS '02 Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
SUPPLE: automatically generating user interfaces
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Preface: Fitts' law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Behind Fitts' law: kinematic patterns in goal-directed movements
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Multipurpose Prototypes for Assessing User Interfaces in Pervasive Computing Systems
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Fitts' law and expanding targets: Experimental studies and designs for user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Model-based evaluation of expert cell phone menu interaction
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A minimal model for predicting visual search in human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling pointing at targets of arbitrary shapes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A predictive model of menu performance
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The prospects for psychological science in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Information theoretic models of HCI: a comparison of the Hick-Hyman law and Fitts' law
Human-Computer Interaction
SNIF-ACT: a cognitive model of user navigation on the world wide web
Human-Computer Interaction
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
HCD 09 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Human Centered Design: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Human-computer interaction: A stable discipline, a nascent science, and the growth of the long tail
Interacting with Computers
Quasi-qwerty soft keyboard optimization
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Only one Fitts' law formula please!
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User-centered methods are insufficient for safety critical systems
USAB'07 Proceedings of the 3rd Human-computer interaction and usability engineering of the Austrian computer society conference on HCI and usability for medicine and health care
User interface model discovery: towards a generic approach
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
A new test of throughput invariance in Fitts' law: role of the intercept and of Jensen's inequality
BCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers
interactions
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A user operating an interactive system performs actions such as ''pressing a button'' and these actions cause state transitions in the system. However to perform an action, a user has to do what amounts to a state transition themselves, from the state of having completed the previous action to the state of starting to perform the next action; this user transition is out of step with the system's transition. This paper introduces action graphs, an elegant way of making user transitions explicit in the arcs of a graph derived from the system specification. Essentially, a conventional transition system has arcs labeled in the form ''user performs action A'' whereas an action graph has arcs labelled in the form ''having performed action P, the user performs Q.'' Action graphs support many modelling techniques (such as GOMS, KLM or shortest paths) that could have been applied to the user's actions or to the system graph, but because it combines both, the modelling techniques can be used more powerfully. Action graphs can be used to directly apply user performance metrics and hence perform formal evaluations of interactive systems. The Fitts Law is one of the simplest and most robust of such user modelling techniques, and is used as an illustration of the value of action graphs in this paper. Action graphs can help analyze particular tasks, any sample of tasks, or all possible tasks a device supports-which would be impractical for empirical evaluations. This is an important result for analyzing safety critical interactive systems, where it is important to cover all possible tasks in testing even when doing so is not feasible using human participants because of the complexity of the system. An algorithm is presented for the construction of action graphs. Action graphs are then used to study devices (a consumer device, a digital multimeter, an infusion pump) and results suggest that: optimal time is correlated with keystroke count, and that keyboard layout has little impact on optimal times. Many other applications of action graphs are suggested.