An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The limits of expert performance using hierarchic marking menus
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Split menus: effectively using selection frequency to organize menus
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Supporting command reuse: empirical foundations and principles
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
An experimental evaluation of transparent menu usage
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cognitive modeling reveals menu search in both random and systematic
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Eye tracking the visual search of click-down menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interface design and multivariate analysis of UNIX command use
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Solving multi-target haptic problems in menu interaction
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Considering the direction of cursor movement for efficient traversal of cascading menus
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of static, adaptive, and adaptable menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Improving menu interaction: a comparison of standard, force enhanced and jumping menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Faster cascading menu selections with enlarged activation areas
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Model-based evaluation of expert cell phone menu interaction
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A predictive model of menu performance
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bubbling menus: a selective mechanism for accessing hierarchical drop-down menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Earpod: eyes-free menu selection using touch input and reactive audio feedback
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Strategies for accelerating on-line learning of hotkeys
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Press On: Principles of Interaction Programming
Press On: Principles of Interaction Programming
AAMU: adaptive activation area menus for improving selection in cascading pull-down menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Predicting the skilled use of hierarchical menus with the keystroke-level model
Human-Computer Interaction
An empirical evaluation of some articulatory and cognitive aspects of marking menus
Human-Computer Interaction
Ephemeral adaptation: the use of gradual onset to improve menu selection performance
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Wave menus: improving the novice mode of hierarchical marking menus
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Extending Fitts' law to account for the effects of movement direction on 2d pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design and Evaluation of Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts
ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP)
MenuOptimizer: interactive optimization of menu systems
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
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We consider different hierarchical menu and toolbar-like interface designs from a theoretical perspective and show how a model based on visual search time, pointing time, decision time and expertise development can assist in understanding and predicting interaction performance. Three hierarchical menus designs are modelled -- a traditional pull-down menu, a pie menu and a novel Square Menu with its items arranged in a grid -- and the predictions are validated in an empirical study. The model correctly predicts the relative performance of the designs -- both the eventual dominance of Square Menus compared to traditional and pie designs and a performance crossover as users gain experience. Our work shows the value of modelling in HCI design, provides new insights about performance with different hierarchical menu designs, and demonstrates a new high-performance menu type.