An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of selection time from walking and pull-down menus
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Split menus: effectively using selection frequency to organize menus
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
T-Cube: a fast, self-disclosing pen-based alphabet
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Force-feedback improves performance for steering and combined steering-targeting tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Solving multi-target haptic problems in menu interaction
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
INTERACT '97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interantional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Considering the direction of cursor movement for efficient traversal of cascading menus
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of static, adaptive, and adaptable menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bubbling menus: a selective mechanism for accessing hierarchical drop-down menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AAMU: adaptive activation area menus for improving selection in cascading pull-down menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Hover or tap?: supporting pen-based menu navigation for older adults
Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Exploring Methods to Improve Pen-Based Menu Selection for Younger and Older Adults
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Quinze ans de recherche sur les menus: critères et propriétés des techniques de menus
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Why it's quick to be square: modelling new and existing hierarchical menu designs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigation time variability: measuring menu navigation errors
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part I
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Cascading menus are used in almost all graphical user interfaces. Most current cascade widgets implement an explicit delay between the cursor entering/leaving a parent cascade menu item and posting/unposting the associated menu. The delay allows users to make small steering errors while dragging across items, and it allows optimal diagonal paths from parent to cascade items. However, the delay slows the pace of interaction for users who wait for the delay to expire, and it demands jerky discrete movements for experts who wish to pre-empt the delay by clicking. This paper describes Enlarged activation area MenUs (EMUs), which have two features: first, they increase the area of the parent menu associated with each cascade; second, they eliminate the posting and unposting delay. An evaluation shows that EMUs allow cascade items to be selected up to 29% faster than traditional menus, without harming top-level item selection times. They also have a positive smoothing effect on menu selections, allowing continuous sweeping selections in contrast to discrete movements that are punctuated with clicks.