Improving the accuracy of touch screens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How does Fitts' law fit pointing and dragging?
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Human performance using computer input devices in the preferred and non-preferred hands
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
The limits of expert performance using hierarchic marking menus
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
User learning and performance with marking menus
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction with mobile systems
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
High precision touch screen interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Tactile interfaces for small touch screens
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Precise selection techniques for multi-touch screens
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Direct-touch vs. mouse input for tabletop displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing lenses: facilitating stylus input through visual-and motor-space magnification
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Earpod: eyes-free menu selection using touch input and reactive audio feedback
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
TapTap and MagStick: improving one-handed target acquisition on small touch-screens
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
SideSight: multi-"touch" interaction around small devices
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
An empirical evaluation of some articulatory and cognitive aspects of marking menus
Human-Computer Interaction
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
The performance of touch screen soft buttons
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Wavelet menus: a stacking metaphor for adapting marking menus to mobile devices
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Contact area interaction with sliding widgets
Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Why it's quick to be square: modelling new and existing hierarchical menu designs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Enhancing physicality in touch interaction with programmable friction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Empirical evaluation of uni- and bimodal pen and touch interaction properties on digital tabletops
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
FFitts law: modeling finger touch with fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Age-related differences in performance with touchscreens compared to traditional mouse input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving digital handoff using the space above the table
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gestures and widgets: performance in text editing on multi-touch capable mobile devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual Stick in Caret Positioning on Touch Screens
Proceedings of the 25ième conférence francophone on l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Touching annotations: A visual metaphor for navigation of annotation in digital documents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Touch-based interaction with computing devices is becoming more and more common. In order to design for this setting, it is critical to understand the basic human factors of touch interactions such as tapping and dragging; however, there is relatively little empirical research in this area, particularly for touch-based dragging. To provide foundational knowledge in this area, and to help designers understand the human factors of touch-based interactions, we conducted an experiment using three input devices (the finger, a stylus, and a mouse as a performance baseline) and three different pointing activities. The pointing activities were bidirectional tapping, one-dimensional dragging, and radial dragging (pointing to items arranged in a circle around the cursor). Tapping activities represent the elemental target selection method and are analysed as a performance baseline. Dragging is also a basic interaction method and understanding its performance is important for touch-based interfaces because it involves relatively high contact friction. Radial dragging is also important for touch-based systems as this technique is claimed to be well suited to direct input yet radial selections normally involve the relatively unstudied dragging action, and there have been few studies of the interaction mechanics of radial dragging. Performance models of tap, drag, and radial dragging are analysed. For tapping tasks, we confirm prior results showing finger pointing to be faster than the stylus/mouse but inaccurate, particularly with small targets. In dragging tasks, we also confirm that finger input is slower than the mouse and stylus, probably due to the relatively high surface friction. Dragging errors were low in all conditions. As expected, performance conformed to Fitts' Law. Our results for radial dragging are new, showing that errors, task time and movement distance are all linearly correlated with number of items available. We demonstrate that this performance is modelled by the Steering Law (where the tunnel width increases with movement distance) rather than Fitts' Law. Other radial dragging results showed that the stylus is fastest, followed by the mouse and finger, but that the stylus has the highest error rate of the three devices. Finger selections in the North-West direction were particularly slow and error prone, possibly due to a tendency for the finger to stick-slip when dragging in that direction.