CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Powermice and user performance
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
High precision touchscreens: design strategies and comparisons with a mouse
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Improving GUI accessibility for people with low vision
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Physical versus virtual pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The influence of muscle groups on performance of multiple degree-of-freedom input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Performance differences in the fingers, wrist, and forearm in computer input control
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Navigation as multiscale pointing: extending Fitts' model to very high precision tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The metropolis keyboard - an exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction with mobile systems
Scale effects in steering law tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
High precision touch screen interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Object pointing: a complement to bitmap pointing in GUIs
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
TractorBeam: seamless integration of local and remote pointing for tabletop displays
GI '05 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2005
Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Pointing lenses: facilitating stylus input through visual-and motor-space magnification
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Touchstone: exploratory design of experiments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ninja cursors: using multiple cursors to assist target acquisition on large screens
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Perceptibility and utility of sticky targets
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
TapTap and MagStick: improving one-handed target acquisition on small touch-screens
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
SwingStates: adding state machines to Java and the Swing toolkit
Software—Practice & Experience
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
DynaSpot: speed-dependent area cursor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
High-precision magnification lenses
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
UIMarks: quick graphical interaction with specific targets
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Two-Part Models Capture the Impact of Gain on Pointing Performance
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Measuring the linear and rotational user precision in touch pointing
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
FFitts law: modeling finger touch with fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How low can you go?: human limits in small unidirectional mouse movements
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Targets of only a few pixels are notoriously difficult to acquire. Despite many attempts at facilitating pointing, the reasons for this difficulty are poorly understood. We confirm a strong departure from Fitts' Law for small target acquisition using a mouse and investigate three potential sources of problems: motor accuracy, legibility, and quantization. We find that quantization is not a problem, but both motor and visual sizes are limiting factors. This suggests that small targets should be magnified in both motor and visual space to facilitate pointing. Since performance degrades exponentially as targets get very small, we further advocate the exploration of uniform, target-agnostic magnification strategies. We also confirm Welford's 1969 proposal that motor inaccuracy can be modeled by subtracting a “tremor constant” from target size. We argue for the adoption of this model, rather than Fitts' law, when reflecting on small target acquisition.