IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Movement characteristics using a mouse with tactile and force feedback
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
User performance in relation to 3D input device design
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
Putting the feel in ’look and feel‘
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Acquisition of expanding targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Object pointing: a complement to bitmap pointing in GUIs
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The vacuum: facilitating the manipulation of distant objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
"Beating" Fitts' law: virtual enhancements for pointing facilitation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Distant freehand pointing and clicking on very large, high resolution displays
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Predictive interaction using the delphian desktop
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
An evaluation of sticky and force enhanced targets in multi target situations
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
PRISM interaction for enhancing control in immersive virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Speech-filtered bubble ray: improving target acquisition on display walls
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Perceptibility and utility of sticky targets
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Semantic pointing for object picking in complex 3D environments
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
DynaSpot: speed-dependent area cursor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Haptic feedback in remote pointing
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ISO 9241-9 evaluation of video game controllers
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
An empirical comparison of "wiimote" gun attachments for pointing tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
A comparison of ray pointing techniques for very large displays
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
A human motor behavior model for distal pointing tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Target assistance for subtly balancing competitive play
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TractorBeam selection aids: improving target acquisition for pointing input on tabletop displays
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Is movement better?: comparing sedentary and motion-based game controls for older adults
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013
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Pointing at displays from a distance is becoming a common method of interacting with computer applications and entertainment systems, using devices such as the Wii Remote, the PlayStation Move controller, or the Microsoft Kinect. These systems often implement relative forms of ray-cast pointing, in which the user simply points a hand-held input device towards targets on the screen. Ray-casting interaction is easy for novices to learn and understand, but this technique often suffers from accuracy problems: for example, hand jitter, arm fatigue, calibration drift, or lack of skill can all reduce people's ability to acquire and select on-screen targets. In this paper, we analyse and evaluate the idea of target assistance as a way to address the accuracy problems of ray-cast pointing. Although several assistance schemes have been proposed for mouse-based pointing, these ideas have not been tested in distant-pointing settings, and there is little knowledge available to guide design in this increasingly common interaction scenario. To establish this basic design knowledge, we carried out four studies of relative ray-casting using three different target assistance techniques-two motor-space techniques (sticky targets and a novel form of target gravity), and one acquisition-feedback technique that combined visual, tactile, and auditory feedback. Our first three studies tested each assistance technique separately, to explore how different parameters for each method affected performance and perceptibility. Our fourth study carried out a direct comparison of the best versions of each technique, and also examined the effects of distractor objects placed in the path to the target. Our studies found that the two motor-space techniques were extremely effective in improving selection accuracy without being highly obvious to users, and that the new gravity-based technique (which attracts the cursor even when it is not over the target) performed best of all. There was no observed effect on performance when the combined acquisition-feedback technique was used. Our studies are the first to comprehensively explore the optimization, performance, and perceptibility of target assistance techniques for relative ray-casting-our results provide designers with clear guidelines about what methods to use, how to configure the techniques, and what effects can be expected from their use.