The design space of input devices
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A study of computer-supported user interface evaluation using maximal repeating pattern analysis
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Developing user interfaces: ensuring usability through product & process
Developing user interfaces: ensuring usability through product & process
The CAVE: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment
Communications of the ACM
Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Usability inspection methods
Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on virtual reality software and technology
Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual worlds
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
A framework and testbed for studying manipulation techniques for immersive VR
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
User and task analysis for interface design
User and task analysis for interface design
Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments
The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments
Usability Engineering
User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Virtual Environments
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Designing Virtual Environments for Usability
INTERACT '97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interantional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
User-Centered Design and Evaluation of a Real-Time Battlefield Visualization Virtual Environment
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence: A Response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Duration and Exposure to Virtual Environments: Sickness Curves During and Across Sessions
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Ergonomic criteria adapted to human virtual environment interaction
IHM 2003 Proceedings of the 15th French-speaking conference on human-computer interaction on 15eme Conference Francophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine
An Infrastructure for Realizing Custom-Tailored Augmented Reality User Interfaces
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A review on effective closely-coupled collaboration using immersive CVE's
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
Virtual and interactive environments for work of the future
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Interaction with virtual environments
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Interaction with virtual environments
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Interaction with virtual environments
Evaluating effectiveness of interaction techniques across immersive virtual environmental systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Immersive projection technology
Successes and failures in co-present situations
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Immersive projection technology
Hand-held virtual reality: a feasibility study
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Levels of automation and user participation in usability testing
Interacting with Computers
The usability of collaborative virtual environments and methods for the analysis of interaction
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 2004 workshop on VR design and evaluation
Design and Evaluation of a Real-World Virtual Environment for Architecture and Urban Planning
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Human Factors Issues on the Design of Telepresence Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Contextualized Videos: Combining Videos with Environment Models to Support Situational Understanding
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Evaluating the Motivational Value of an Augmented Reality System for Learning Chemistry
USAB '08 Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the Austrian Computer Society on HCI and Usability for Education and Work
Towards a Multidimensional Approach for the Evaluation of Multimodal Application User Interfaces
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Analysis of integrated development environments for J2EE applications
SEA '07 Proceedings of the 11th IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
MUSTe method for quantifying virtual environment training system efficacy
OZCHI '09 Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design: Open 24/7
Super-feet: a wireless hand-free navigation system for virtual environments
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Usability study of multi-modal interfaces using eye-tracking
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
Reflecting on the design and implementation issues of virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Enhancing virtual reality learning environments with adaptivity: lessons learned
USAB'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on HCI in work and learning, life and leisure: workgroup human-computer interaction and usability engineering
Composition of HCI evaluation methods for hybrid virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
Evaluating performance in tiled displays: navigation and wayfinding
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Manipulation of field of view for hand-held virtual reality
ICAT'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Advances in Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence
USAB'11 Proceedings of the 7th conference on Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the Austrian Computer Society: information Quality in e-Health
Avaliação da usabilidade de MUI: um estudo de caso
Proceedings of the 10th Brazilian Symposium on on Human Factors in Computing Systems and the 5th Latin American Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Usability attributes in virtual learning environments
Proceedings of The 8th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment: Playing the System
Developing effective interfaces for cultural heritage 3D immersive environments
VAST'07 Proceedings of the 8th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage
User centred methods for gathering VR design tool requirements
EGVE - JVRC'11 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & Third Joint Virtual Reality
Exploitation of heuristics for virtual environments
Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design
PKAW'12 Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Rim conference on Knowledge Management and Acquisition for Intelligent Systems
How natural is a natural interface? An evaluation procedure based on action breakdowns
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Sirius: A heuristic-based framework for measuring web usability adapted to the type of website
Journal of Systems and Software
Does neck viewing angle affect spatial orientation in an HMD-based VE?
Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception
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Virtual environments (VEs) are a relatively new type of human-computer interface in which users perceive and act in a three-dimensional world. The designers of such systems cannot rely solely on design guidelines for traditional two-dimensional interfaces, so usability evaluation is crucial for VEs. This paper presents an overview of VE usability evaluation to organize and critically analyze diverse work from this field. First, we discuss some of the issues that differentiate VE usability evaluation from evaluation of traditional user interfaces such as GUIs. We also present a review of some VE evaluation methods currently in use, and discuss a simple classification space for VE usability evaluation methods. This classification space provides a structured means for comparing evaluation methods according to three key characteristics: involvement of representative users, context of evaluation, and types of results produced. Finally, to illustrate these concepts, we compare two existing evaluation approaches: testbed evaluation (Bowman, Johnson, & Hodges, 1999) and sequential evaluation (Gabbard, Hix, & Swan, 1999).