Performing work within virtual environments (panel session)
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
HCI, natural science and design: a framework for triangulation across disciplines
DIS '97 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Walkthrough—a dynamic graphics system for simulating virtual buildings
I3D '86 Proceedings of the 1986 workshop on Interactive 3D graphics
Non-Photorealistic Rendering
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive visualization of complex plant ecosystems
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02
Perceiving Spatial Relationships in Computer-Generated Images
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Virtual Environments
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A survey of usability evaluation in virtual environments: classification and comparison of methods
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Virtual environments: Virtual environments and mobile robots: Control, simulation, and robot pilot training
A Front-Ended Approach to the User-Centred Design of VEs
VR '02 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2002
A Comparative Study of User Performance in a Map-Based Virtual Environment
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
Multi-perspective collaborative design in persistent networked virtual environments
VRAIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 96)
Augmented Urban Planning Workbench: Overlaying Drawings, Physical Models and Digital Simulation
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Level of Detail for 3D Graphics
Level of Detail for 3D Graphics
A User-Centered Approach on Combining Realism and Interactivity in Virtual Environments
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
Visualizing dynamic architectural environments
Communications of the ACM - Interactive immersion in 3D graphics
Perceptual audio rendering of complex virtual environments
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Scalable pedestrian simulation for virtual cities
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Photorealism and non-photorealism in virtual heritage representation
VAST'03 Proceedings of the 4th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage
EGVE'04 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
A versatile large-scale multimodal VR system for cultural heritage visualization
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
KES '08 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Part III
Audiovisual 3d rendering as a tool for multimodal interfaces
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Richly connected systems and multi-device worlds
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Urban Sketcher: Mixed Reality on Site for Urban Planning and Architecture
ISMAR '07 Proceedings of the 2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
MR Tent: a place for co-constructing mixed realities in urban planning
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Spatial presence and perceived reality as predictors of motion-based video game enjoyment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Sensitive suggestion and perception of climatic effects in virtual urban environments
Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception
The effects of immersion and body-based rotation on learning multi-level indoor virtual environments
Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Indoor Spatial Awareness
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In this paper we present a user-centered design approach to the development of a Virtual Environment (VE), by utilizing an iterative, user-informed process throughout the entire design and development cycle. A preliminary survey was first undertaken with end users, that is, architects, chief engineers, and decision makers of a real-world architectural and urban planning project, followed by a study of the traditional workflow employed. We then determined the elements required to make the VE useful in the real-world setting, choosing appropriate graphical and auditory techniques to develop audiovisual VEs with a high level of realism. Our user-centered design approach guided the development of an appropriate interface and an evaluation methodology to test the overall usability of the system. The VE was evaluated both in the laboratory and, most importantly, in the users' natural work environments. In this study we present the choices we made as part of the design and evaluation methodologies employed, which successfully combined research goals with those of a real-world project. Among other results, this evaluation suggests that involving users and designers from the beginning improves the effectiveness of the VE in the context of the real world urban planning project. Furthermore, it demonstrates that appropriate levels of realism, in particular spatialized 3D sound, high-detail vegetation, and shadows, as well as the presence of rendered crowds, are significant for the design process and for communicating about designs; they enable better appreciation of overall ambience of the VE, perception of space and physical objects, as well as the sense of scale. We believe this study is of interest to VE researchers, designers, and practitioners, as well as professionals interested in using VR in their workplace.