Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
HoloSketch: a virtual reality sketching/animation tool
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on virtual reality software and technology
The virtual tricorder: a uniform interface for virtual reality
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Communications of the ACM
Two-handed direct manipulation on the responsive workbench
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Moving objects in space: exploiting proprioception in virtual-environment interaction
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
3D palette: a virtual reality content creation tool
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Coherent zooming of illustrations with 3D-graphics and text
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '97
The Task Gallery: a 3D window manager
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An interactive toolkit library for 3D applications: it3d
EGVE '02 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2002
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
The challenge to build flexible user interface components for non-immersive 3D environments
Proceedings of the HCI International '99 (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction) on Human-Computer Interaction: Communication, Cooperation, and Application Design-Volume 2 - Volume 2
The ToolFinger: supporting complex direct manipulation in virtual environments
EGVE '03 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2003
A Hybrid 2D / 3D User Interface for Immersive Object Modeling
CGI '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Graphics International
Multimodal Menu Presentation and Selection in Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2000 Conference
Design and Evaluation of Menu Systems for Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '01 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality 2001 Conference (VR'01)
ISWC '01 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Collapsible Cylindrical Trees: A Fast Hierarchical Navigation Technique
INFOVIS '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001 (INFOVIS'01)
ISAAC: A Virtual Environment Tool for the Interactive Construction of Virtual Worlds
ISAAC: A Virtual Environment Tool for the Interactive Construction of Virtual Worlds
Animated visualization of multiple intersecting hierarchies
Information Visualization
The virtual windtunnel: an environment for the exploration of three-dimensional unsteady flows
VIS '91 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91
TUISTER: a tangible UI for hierarchical structures
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
FingARtips: gesture based direct manipulation in Augmented Reality
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Designing a generalized 3D carousel view
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Spin Menu: A Menu System for Virtual Environments
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Mixed-dimension interaction in virtual environments
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Command & control cube: a shortcut paradigm for virtual environments
EGVE'01 Proceedings of the 7th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & 5th Immersive Projection Technology
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A huge variety of interaction techniques was developed in the field of virtual and augmented reality. Whereas techniques for object selection, manipulation, travel, and wayfinding were covered in existing taxonomies quite in detail, application control techniques were not sufficiently deliberated yet. However, they are needed by almost every mixed reality application, e.g. for choosing from alternative objects or options. For this purpose a great variety of distinct three-dimensional menu selection techniques is available. This paper surveys existing 3D menus from the corpus of literature and classifies them according to various criteria. The taxonomy introduced here assists developers of interactive 3D applications to better evaluate their options when choosing and implementing a 3D menu technique. Since the taxonomy spans the design space for 3D menu solutions, it also aids researchers in identifying opportunities to improve or create novel virtual menu techniques.