An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The limits of expert performance using hierarchic marking menus
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
User learning and performance with marking menus
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cognitive modeling reveals menu search in both random and systematic
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Item recognition in menu selection: the effect of practice
CHI '93 INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
101 spots, or how do users read menus?
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of rule-based and positionally constant arrangements of computer menu items
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
The Hotbox: efficient access to a large number of menu-items
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width
CHI '85 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Visual search and mouse-pointing in labeled versus unlabeled two-dimensional visual hierarchies
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Simple vs. compound mark hierarchical marking menus
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A predictive model of menu performance
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predicting the skilled use of hierarchical menus with the keystroke-level model
Human-Computer Interaction
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Wave menus: improving the novice mode of hierarchical marking menus
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
Navigation time variability: measuring menu navigation errors
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part I
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part IV
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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One of the ways of decreasing selection times in displayed menus is through the use of radial layouts which shorten distances to the items and increase the item sizes. Previous work on radial menus does not demonstrate that radial layouts are beneficial for menu hierarchies. The paper focuses on this topic. We compare two main characteristics of radial and linear layouts: a) the time it takes to find an item (i.e. visual search time), b) the time it takes to navigate to an item (i.e. pointing time). We use objective and subjective measures, two menu sizes, three menu levels, one linear and three radial layout variations. We also present requirements and the Compact Radial Layout (CRL) design which supports menu hierarchies. We assess its performance for novice and expert users.