Feeling and seeing: issues in force display
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Distal attribution and presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
Virtual environments and advanced interface design
Combining haptic and braille technologies: design issues and pilot study
Assets '96 Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Force and touch feedback for virtual reality
Force and touch feedback for virtual reality
Movement characteristics using a mouse with tactile and force feedback
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Ambient touch: designing tactile interfaces for handheld devices
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Active click: tactile feedback for touch panels
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using haptics in computer interfaces for blind people
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multimodal virtual reality versus printed medium in visualization for blind people
Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Comparing Two Haptic Interfaces for Multimodal Graph Rendering
HAPTICS '02 Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
An Analysis of Perceptual Instability During Haptic Texture Rendering
HAPTICS '02 Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
Material Discrimination and Thermal Perception
HAPTICS '03 Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS'03)
Tactile interfaces for small touch screens
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Tactons: structured tactile messages for non-visual information display
AUIC '04 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28
Novel, minimalist haptic gesture interaction for mobile devices
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Haptic pen: a tactile feedback stylus for touch screens
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A First Investigation into the Effectiveness of Tactons
WHC '05 Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
An investigation into the use of tactons to present progress information
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Image and video processing for visually handicapped people
Journal on Image and Video Processing
Accuracy of Velocity Perception Generated by Tactile Apparent Motion
APCHI '08 Proceedings of the 8th Asia-Pacific conference on Computer-Human Interaction
Tactile Graphics Revised: The Novel BrailleDis 9000 Pin-Matrix Device with Multitouch Input
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
Tactile sensory substitution: Models for enaction in HCI
Interacting with Computers
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Fun to develop embodied skill: how games help the blind to understand pointing
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments
Enabling multimodal discourse for the blind
International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces and the Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
EuroHaptics'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Haptics - generating and perceiving tangible sensations: Part II
ICSR'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Social robotics
Enabling the blind to see gestures
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on the theory and practice of embodied interaction in HCI and interaction design
In touch with space: embodying live data for tangible interaction
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
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Tactile arrays use a matrix of individually controllable elements to present spatial and temporal patterns of cutaneous information. Early devices of this type were in the field of sensory substitution to replace vision or hearing for users with a sensory impairment. Many advances have been made due to the appropriation of tactile displays for telerobotics and virtual reality, to represent physical contact with a remote or simulated environment. However, many of these have been limited to engineering prototypes. The recent commercial availability of affordable, portable tactile pin arrays has provided renewed impetus to apply the technology to sensory substitution applications. Lack of access to digitally stored data can prove a significant barrier to blind people seeking careers in numerate disciplines. Tactile displays could potentially provide a discrete and portable means of accessing graphical information in an intuitive non-visual manner. Results are presented from experiments on tactual perception related to understanding graphs and simple visulisations with a commercially available tactile array device. It was found that subjects could discriminate positive or negative line gradient to within ± 4.7° of the horizontal, compared to ± 3.25° for results with a force feedback mouse and ± 2.42° with a raised paper representation.