The nature of statistical learning theory
The nature of statistical learning theory
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Learning Gender with Support Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Adobe PhotoShop 7.0 Classroom in a Book
Adobe PhotoShop 7.0 Classroom in a Book
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Machine assessment of neonatal facial expressions of acute pain
Decision Support Systems
Facial expression biometrics using statistical shape models
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on recent advances in biometric systems: a signal processing perspective
Local binary patterns variants as texture descriptors for medical image analysis
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Towards a comprehensive 3D dynamic facial expression database
SSIP '09/MIV'09 Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS international conference on signal, speech and image processing, and 9th WSEAS international conference on Multimedia, internet & video technologies
Pain monitoring: A dynamic and context-sensitive system
Pattern Recognition
SVM classification of neonatal facial images of pain
WILF'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Fuzzy Logic and Applications
A new multi-camera based facial expression analysis concept
ICIAR'12 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
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Objective: It has been reported in medical literature that health care professionals have difficulty distinguishing a newborn's facial expressions of pain from facial reactions to other stimuli. Although a number of pain instruments have been developed to assist health professionals, studies demonstrate that health professionals are not entirely impartial in their assessment of pain and fail to capitalize on all the information exhibited in a newborn's facial displays. This study tackles these problems by applying three different state-of-the-art face classification techniques to the task of distinguishing a newborn's facial expressions of pain. Methods: The facial expressions of 26 neonates between the ages of 18h and 3 days old were photographed experiencing the pain of a heel lance and a variety of stressors, including transport from one crib to another (a disturbance that can provoke crying that is not in response to pain), an air stimulus on the nose, and friction on the external lateral surface of the heel. Three face classification techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machine (SVM), were used to classify the faces. Results: In our experiments, the best recognition rates of pain versus nonpain (88.00%), pain versus rest (94.62%), pain versus cry (80.00%), pain versus air puff (83.33%), and pain versus friction (93.00%) were obtained from an SVM with a polynomial kernel of degree 3. The SVM outperformed two commonly used methods in face classification: PCA and LDA, each using the L"1 distance metric. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the application of face classification techniques in pain assessment and management is a promising area of investigation. on.