Systems engineering
Emergence: from chaos to order
Emergence: from chaos to order
The art of systems architecting (2nd ed.)
The art of systems architecting (2nd ed.)
Organizations in the Network Age
Organizations in the Network Age
Systems, systems of systems, and the education of engineers
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Guest editorial: Utilities deregulation and simulation
Simulation and Gaming
On the Systems Engineering and Management of Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems
Information-Knowledge-Systems Management
Applying Evolutionary Computing to Complex Systems Design
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Antisocial Behavior of Agents in Scheduling Mechanisms
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Sociocultural Games for Training and Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Systomics: toward a biology of system of systems
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Measuring and benchmarking the back-end of e-Government: a participative self-assessment approach
EGOV'10 Proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 8.5 international conference on Electronic government
Evaluation of paradigms for modeling supply chains as complex socio-technical systems
Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference
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This paper addresses the complexity of analyzing and designing sociotechnical systems: systems that involve both complex physical-technical systems and networks of interdependent actors. It is shown that, although a hard system perspective and an actor perspective differ greatly in terms of terminology, methods, and applicability, they also show surprisingly many similarities. By building upon the similarities and differences of the two dominant perspectives, this paper then goes on to show that the modeling and intervention possibilities in both perspectives differ to a great extent. The emerging systems-of-systems discipline generally calls for an "integration" of both perspectives in order to model and design these complex sociotechnical systems, but in this paper, it is argued and shown that full integration is not the preferred way to go. Instead, the emerging discipline should strive to facilitate the use of both perspectives alongside each other in a sensible way and, thereby, not discard the strengths of either perspective.