Recognition by Linear Combinations of Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Special issue on interpretation of 3-D scenes—part I
Active shape models—their training and application
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Multiple view geometry in computer vision
Multiple view geometry in computer vision
Model-based varying pose face detection and facial feature registration in colour images
Pattern Recognition Letters
Robust Face Detection Using the Hausdorff Distance
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Computing 3-D head orientation from a monocular image sequence
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
Face recognition from one example view
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Real-Time Multi-View Face Detection
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Multi-View Face Alignment Using Direct Appearance Models
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Robust Corner Detection under Varying Illumination
ICIIS '99 Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Intelligence and Systems
The geometric error for homographies
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A Bayesian Mixture Model for Multi-View Face Alignment
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Implicit, view invariant, linear flexible shape modelling
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue: Advances in pattern recognition
An accurate active shape model for facial feature extraction
Pattern Recognition Letters
A Framework for Weighted Fusion of Multiple Statistical Models of Shape and Appearance
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On transforming statistical models for non-frontal face verification
Pattern Recognition
Active Shape Models with Invariant Optimal Features: Application to Facial Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust facial feature tracking under varying face pose and facial expression
Pattern Recognition
Geometric invariants for 2D/3D face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
2D vs. 3D Deformable Face Models: Representational Power, Construction, and Real-Time Fitting
International Journal of Computer Vision
Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Face alignment under various poses and expressions
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Active shape models with invariant optimal features (IOF-ASMs)
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Face and facial feature localization
ICIAP'05 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Toward Pose-Invariant 2-D Face Recognition Through Point Distribution Models and Facial Symmetry
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Part 1
Projective Splines and Estimators for Planar Curves
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision
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One of the important obstacles in the image-based analysis of the human face is the 3D nature of the problem and the 2D nature of most imaging systems used for biometric applications. Due to this, accuracy is strongly influenced by the viewpoint of the images, being frontal views the most thoroughly studied. However, when fully automatic face analysis systems are designed, capturing frontal-view images cannot be guaranteed. Examples of this situation can be found in surveillance systems, car driver images or whenever there are architectural constraints that prevent from placing a camera frontal to the subject. Taking advantage of the fact that most facial features lie approximately on the same plane, we propose the use of projective geometry across different views. An active shape model constructed with frontal-view images can then be directly applied to the segmentation of pictures taken from other viewpoints. The proposed extension demonstrates being significantly more invariant than the standard approach. Validation of the method is presented in 360 images from the AV@CAR database, systematically divided into three different rotations (to both sides), as well as upper and lower views due to nodding. The presented tests are among the largest quantitative results reported to date in face segmentation under varying poses.