Rethinking the concept of user involvement
MIS Quarterly
The reality of user-centered design
Journal of End User Computing - Special issue on human-centered research and practice
Participatory design: the will to succeed
Proceedings of the 4th decennial conference on Critical computing: between sense and sensibility
Taking transition into account: designing with pre-users of medical devices
Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference
Widgets to support disabled learners: a challenge to participatory inclusive design
Proceedings of the 23rd Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
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Participatory design has the moral and pragmatic tenet of including those who will be most affected by a design into the design process. However, good participation is hard to achieve and results linking project success and degree of participation are inconsistent. Through three case studies examining some of the challenges that different properties of knowledge -- novelty, difference, dependence -- can impose on the participatory endeavour we examine some of the consequences to the participatory process of failing to bridge across knowledge boundaries -- syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. One pragmatic consequence, disrupting the user's feeling of involvement to the project, has been suggested as a possible explanation for the inconsistent results linking participation and project success. To aid in addressing these issues a new form of participatory research, called embedded research, is proposed and examined within the framework of the case studies and knowledge framework with a call for future research into its possibilities.