The complexity of logic-based abduction
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Beyond NP: the QSAT phase transition
AAAI '99/IAAI '99 Proceedings of the sixteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence and the eleventh Innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Proceedings of the 1999 international conference on Logic programming
Chaff: engineering an efficient SAT solver
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Extending and implementing the stable model semantics
Artificial Intelligence
Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and Declarative Problem Solving
Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and Declarative Problem Solving
Efficient conflict driven learning in a boolean satisfiability solver
Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Bounded Model Construction for Monadic Second-Order Logics
CAV '00 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Experimental Analysis of the Computational Cost of Evaluating Quantified Boolean Formulae
AI*IA '97 Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
SAT-based planning in complex domains: concurrency, constraints and nondeterminism
Artificial Intelligence - special issue on planning with uncertainty and incomplete information
BerkMin: A Fast and Robust Sat-Solver
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
The DLV system for knowledge representation and reasoning
ACM Transactions on Computational Logic (TOCL)
A backjumping technique for disjunctive logic programming
AI Communications
Improvements to the evaluation of quantified boolean formulae
IJCAI'99 Proceedings of the 16th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Conflict-driven answer set solving
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
Experimenting with heuristics for answer set programming
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
A model for generating random quantified boolean formulas
IJCAI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Solving hard ASP programs efficiently
LPNMR'05 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning
On look-ahead heuristics in disjunctive logic programming
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence
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Competitive native solvers for Answer Set Programming (ASP) perform a backtracking search by assuming the truth of literals. The choice of literals (the heuristic) is fundamental for the performance of these systems. Most of the efficient ASP systems employ a heuristic based on look-ahead, that is, a literal is tentatively assumed and its heuristic value is based on its deterministic consequences. However, looking ahead is a costly operation, and indeed look-ahead often accounts for the majority of time taken by ASP solvers. For Satisfiability (SAT), a radically different approach, called look-back heuristic, proved to be quite successful: Instead of looking ahead, one uses information gathered during the computation performed so far, thus looking back. In this approach, atoms which have been frequently involved in inconsistencies are preferred. In this paper, we carry over this approach to the framework of disjunctive ASP. We design a number of look-back heuristics exploiting peculiarities of ASP and implement them in the ASP system DLV. We compare their performance on a collection of hard ASP programs both structured and randomly generated. These experiments indicate that a very basic approach works well, outperforming all of the prominent disjunctive ASP systems - DLV (with its traditional heuristic), GnT, and CModels3 - on many of the instances considered.