Spectral analysis of sinus arrhythmia: a measure of mental effort
Human Factors - Cognitive psychophysiology
Evaluating user-computer interaction: a framework
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Affective computing
Heart rate variability: indicator of user state as an aid to human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The act of task difficulty and eye-movement frequency for the 'Oculo-motor indices'
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Psychophysiological indicators of the impact of media quality on users
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Task-evoked pupillary response to mental workload in human-computer interaction
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Do physiological data relate to traditional usability indexes?
OZCHI '05 Proceedings of the 17th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Citizens Online: Considerations for Today and the Future
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New technologies are making it possible to provide an enriched view of interaction for researchers using multimodal information. This preliminary study explores the use of multimodal information streams in evaluating user cost. In the study, easy, medium and difficult versions of a game task were used to vary the levels of the cost to user. Multimodal data streams during the three versions were analyzed, including eye tracking, pupil size, hand movement, heart rate variability (HRV) and subjectively reported data. Three findings indicate the potential value of multimodal information in evaluating usability: First, subjective and physiological measures showed significant sensitivity to task difficulty. Second, different user cost levels appeared to correlate with eye movement patterns, especially with a combined eye-hand measure. Third, HRV showed correlations with saccade speed. These results warrant further investigations and take an initial step toward establishing usability evaluation methods based on multimodal information.