BodyChat: autonomous communicative behaviors in avatars
AGENTS '98 Proceedings of the second international conference on Autonomous agents
Conversation as Action Under Uncertainty
UAI '00 Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
A facial model and animation techniques for animated speech
A facial model and animation techniques for animated speech
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Non-verbal cues for discourse structure
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Towards a model of face-to-face grounding
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Modeling believable human-computer interaction with an embodied conversational agent: face-to-face communication of uncertainty
Understanding RUTH: creating believable behaviors for a virtual human under uncertainty
ICDHM'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Digital human modeling
Language, embodiment and social intelligence
INLG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference
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Building animated conversational agents requires developing a fine-grained analysis of the motions and meanings available to interlocutors in face-to-face conversation and implementing strategies for using these motions and meanings to communicate effectively. In this paper, we sketch our efforts to characterize people's facial displays of uncertainty in face-to-face conversation. We analyze empirical data from human-human conversation and extend our platform for conversational animation, including RUTH (the Rutgers University Talking Head), to simulate what we find. This methodology leads to a range of new insights into the structure, timing, expressive content and communicative function of facial actions.