Unified theories of cognition
External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Cognitive Requirements on Making and Interpreting Maps
COSIT '97 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS
Representing Simple Trajectories as Oriented Curves
Proceedings of the Twelfth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
Visualizing route maps
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Simplest Instructions: Finding Easy-to-Describe Routes for Navigation
GIScience '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Geographic Information Science
Towards a Conceptual Model of Talking to a Route Planner
W2GIS '08 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems
Wayfinding choremes-a language for modeling conceptual route knowledge
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
The effect of motion in graphical user interfaces
SG'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Smart graphics
A uniform handling of different landmark types in route directions
COSIT'07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Spatial information theory
Before or after: prepositions in spatially constrained systems
SC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Spatial Cognition V: reasoning, action, interaction
Easiest-to-reach neighbor search
Proceedings of the 18th SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
The impact of dimensionality on natural language route directions in unconstrained dialogue
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Information on the consequence of a move and its use for route improvisation support
COSIT'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Spatial information theory
VISUAL'05 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Visual Information and Information Systems
Structural salience of landmarks for route directions
COSIT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Spatial Information Theory
Incorporating landmarks with quality measures in routing procedures
GIScience'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Geographic Information Science
Landmarks in OpenLS — a data structure for cognitive ergonomic route directions
GIScience'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Geographic Information Science
A model for context-specific route directions
SC'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Spatial Cognition: reasoning, Action, Interaction
Generating route instructions with varying levels of detail
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications
Linking cognitive and computational saliences in route information
SC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Spatial Cognition VIII
Artificial Speech and Its Authors
Minds and Machines
Interactive cartographic route descriptions
Geoinformatica
A functional model of sensemaking in a neurocognitive architecture
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience - Special issue on Neurocognitive Models of Sense Making
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Route directions are usually conveyed either by graphical means, i.e. by illustrating the route in a map or drawing a sketch-maps or, linguistically by giving spoken or written route instructions, or by combining both kinds of external representations. In most cases route directions are given in advance, i.e. prior to the actual traveling. But they may also be communicated quasi-simultaneously to the movement along the route, for example, in the case of in-car navigation systems. We dub this latter kind accompanying route directions. Accompanying route direction may be communicated in a dialogue, i.e. with hearer feedback, or, in a monologue, i.e. without hearer feedback. In this article we focus on accompanying route directions without hearer feedback. We start with theoretical considerations from spatial cognition research about the interaction between internal and external representations interconnecting linguistic aspects of verbal route directions with findings from cognitive psychology on route knowledge. In particular we are interested in whether speakers merge elementary route segments into higher order chunks in accompanying route directions. This process, which we identify as spatial chunking, is subsequently investigated in a case study. We have speakers produce accompanying route directions without hearer feedback on the basis of a route that is presented in a spatially veridical map. We vary presentation mode of the route: In the static mode the route in presented as a discrete line, in the dynamic mode, it is presented as a moving dot. Similarities across presentation modes suggest overall organization principles for route directions, which are both independent of the type of route direction-in advance versus accompanying-and of presentation mode-static versus dynamic. We conclude that spatial chunking is a robust and efficient conceptual process that is partly independent of preplanning.