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Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
When and Why Are Visual Landmarks Used in Giving Directions?
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A model for context-specific route directions
SC'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Spatial Cognition: reasoning, Action, Interaction
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COSIT'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Spatial information theory
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KES'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Knowledge-based and intelligent information and engineering systems - Volume Part IV
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W2GIS'13 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems
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Landmarks are crucial for human wayfinding. Their integration in wayfinding assistance systems is essential for generating cognitively ergonomic route directions. I present an approach to automatically determining references to different types of landmarks. This approach exploits the circular order of a decision point's branches. It allows uniformly handling point landmarks as well as linear and areal landmarks; these may be functionally relevant for a single decision point or a sequence of decision points. The approach is simple, yet powerful and can handle different spatial situations. It is an integral part of GUARD, a process generating context-specific route directions that adapts wayfinding instructions to a route's properties and environmental characteristics. GUARD accounts for cognitive principles of good route directions; the resulting route directions reflect people's conceptualization of route information.