Spatial Cognition, An Interdisciplinary Approach to Representing and Processing Spatial Knowledge
Pictorial and Verbal Tools for Conveying Routes
COSIT '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information Science
When and Why Are Visual Landmarks Used in Giving Directions?
COSIT 2001 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Foundations of Geographic Information Science
The Nature of Landmarks for Real and Electronic Spaces
COSIT '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information Science
Enriching Wayfinding Instructions with Local Landmarks
GIScience '02 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Geographic Information Science
CORAL: using natural language generation for navigational assistance
ACSC '03 Proceedings of the 26th Australasian computer science conference - Volume 16
Wayfinding choremes-a language for modeling conceptual route knowledge
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Pictorial representations of routes: chunking route segments during comprehension
Spatial cognition III
A model for context-specific route directions
SC'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Spatial Cognition: reasoning, Action, Interaction
A critical evaluation of location based services and their potential
Journal of Location Based Services
Simplest Instructions: Finding Easy-to-Describe Routes for Navigation
GIScience '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Geographic Information Science
Journal of Location Based Services
Towards a Conceptual Model of Talking to a Route Planner
W2GIS '08 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems
A hybrid positioning system for technology-independent location-aware computing
Software—Practice & Experience
Landmark classification for route directions
SigSem '07 Proceedings of the Fourth ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on Prepositions
A uniform handling of different landmark types in route directions
COSIT'07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Spatial information theory
Before or after: prepositions in spatially constrained systems
SC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Spatial Cognition V: reasoning, action, interaction
COLING '10 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics
Modeling spatial knowledge for generating verbal and visual route directions
KES'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Knowledge-based and intelligent information and engineering systems - Volume Part IV
Relevance in spatial navigation and communication
SC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Spatial Cognition VIII
Linking cognitive and computational saliences in route information
SC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Spatial Cognition VIII
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Landmarks support the structuring of environmental information into cognitive conceptual units, they have the potential to identify uniquely pertinent intersections for route following, and they disambiguate spatial situations at complex intersections. Not using them in automatically generated route directions is a violation of cognitive ergonomics. While we have made great progress on the one hand in characterizing and on the other hand in mining potential landmarks, viable data structures that incorporate their cognitive conceptual functions in route directions are poorly developed. The present article closes this gap by providing a representation based on the OpenLS standard that allows for capturing the semantics of landmarks. In this data structure, the cognitive conceptual essence of a landmark is represented allowing for generating route directions automatically and imbuing street network data with cognitively meaningful elements.