The spatial semantic hierarchy
Artificial Intelligence
Integration of Metric Place Relations in a Landmark Graph
ICANN '02 Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks
Navigation and Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Maze
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
The Role of Global and Local Landmarks in Virtual Environment Navigation
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Future Generation Computer Systems
Updating in models of spatial memory
SC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Spatial Cognition V: reasoning, action, interaction
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We investigated the role of geographical slant in simple navigation and spatial memory tasks, using an outdoor virtual environment. The whole environment could be slanted by an angle of 4?. Subjects could interact with the virtual environment by pedaling with force-feedback on a bicycle simulator (translation) or by hitting buttons (discrete rotations in 60? steps). After memory acquisition, spatial knowledge was accessed by three tasks: (i) pointing from various positions to the learnedgoals; (ii) choosing the more elevatedof two landmarks from memory; (iii) drawing a sketch map of the environment. The number of navigation errors (wrong motion decisions with respect to the goal) was significantly reducedin the slanted conditions. Furthermore, we foundthat subjects were able to point to currently invisible targets in virtual environments. Adding a geographical slant improves this performance. We conclude that geographical slant plays a role either in the construction of a spatial memory, or in its readout, or in both.