Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Object Recognition as Machine Translation: Learning a Lexicon for a Fixed Image Vocabulary
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part IV
Similarity Search in High Dimensions via Hashing
VLDB '99 Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Automatic image annotation and retrieval using cross-media relevance models
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures by a Statistical Modeling Approach
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
On image auto-annotation with latent space models
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
Labeling images with a computer game
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Effective automatic image annotation via a coherent language model and active learning
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Automatic image annotation and retrieval using subspace clustering algorithm
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on Multimedia databases
Formulating Semantic Image Annotation as a Supervised Learning Problem
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
A database centric view of semantic image annotation and retrieval
Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
MIR '06 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval
Real-time computerized annotation of pictures
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Supervised Learning of Semantic Classes for Image Annotation and Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
A New Baseline for Image Annotation
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part III
Word sense disambiguation with pictures
Artificial Intelligence - Special volume on connecting language to the world
Multiple Bernoulli relevance models for image and video annotation
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Automated image annotation using global features and robust nonparametric density estimation
CIVR'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image and Video Retrieval
Personalizing automated image annotation using cross-entropy
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
The effectiveness of image features based on fractal image coding for image annotation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Apples to oranges: evaluating image annotations from natural language processing systems
NAACL HLT '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies
Annotation propagation in large image databases via dense image correspondence
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
From image annotation to image description
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part V
Exploiting time in automatic image tagging
ECIR'13 Proceedings of the 35th European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Tag completion based on belief theory and neighbor voting
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on International conference on multimedia retrieval
On contextual photo tag recommendation
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Real web community based automatic image annotation
Computers and Electrical Engineering
LCMKL: latent-community and multi-kernel learning based image annotation
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
Learning semantic concepts from image database with hybrid generative/discriminative approach
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Framing image description as a ranking task: data, models and evaluation metrics
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
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Automatically assigning keywords to images is of great interest as it allows one to retrieve, index, organize and understand large collections of image data. Many techniques have been proposed for image annotation in the last decade that give reasonable performance on standard datasets. However, most of these works fail to compare their methods with simple baseline techniques to justify the need for complex models and subsequent training. In this work, we introduce a new and simple baseline technique for image annotation that treats annotation as a retrieval problem. The proposed technique utilizes global low-level image features and a simple combination of basic distance measures to find nearest neighbors of a given image. The keywords are then assigned using a greedy label transfer mechanism. The proposed baseline method outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods on two standard and one large Web dataset. We believe that such a baseline measure will provide a strong platform to compare and better understand future annotation techniques.