Using Second Order Statistics to Enhance Automated Image Annotation
ECIR '09 Proceedings of the 31th European Conference on IR Research on Advances in Information Retrieval
Canonical contextual distance for large-scale image annotation and retrieval
LS-MMRM '09 Proceedings of the First ACM workshop on Large-scale multimedia retrieval and mining
Generalized Relevance Models for Automatic Image Annotation
PCM '09 Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia: Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Image annotation and retrieval based on efficient learning of contextual latent space
ICME'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Multimedia and Expo
Investigating visual feature extraction methods for image annotation
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Image annotation with tagprop on the MIRFLICKR set
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia information retrieval
Image retrieval using Markov Random Fields and global image features
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval
Multi modal semantic indexing for image retrieval
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval
Baselines for Image Annotation
International Journal of Computer Vision
One person labels one million images
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Large-scale text to image retrieval using a Bayesian K-neighborhood model
SSPR&SPR'10 Proceedings of the 2010 joint IAPR international conference on Structural, syntactic, and statistical pattern recognition
Image classification using super-vector coding of local image descriptors
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part V
PATSI: photo annotation through finding similar images with multivariate Gaussian models
ICCVG'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computer vision and graphics: Part II
Innovative directions in self-organized distributed multimedia systems
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Text mining for automatic image tagging
COLING '10 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters
An energy-based model for region-labeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Graph-based methods for the automatic annotation and retrieval of art prints
Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval
Image similarities on the basis of visual content: an attempt to bridge the semantic gap
ACIIDS'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Intelligent information and database systems - Volume Part I
Measuring the semantic relatedness between words and images
IWCS '11 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics
Integrating hierarchical feature selection and classifier training for multi-label image annotation
Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in Information Retrieval
Image annotation based on recommendation model
Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in Information Retrieval
Semantic hierarchies for image annotation: A survey
Pattern Recognition
Automatic Image Annotation Based on Generalized Relevance Models
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Knowledge propagation in large image databases using neighborhood information
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Automatic image annotation with weakly labeled dataset
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Ensemble approach based on conditional random field for multi-label image and video annotation
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Combining image-level and segment-level models for automatic annotation
MMM'12 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
An annotation rule extraction algorithm for image retrieval
Pattern Recognition Letters
WSABIE: scaling up to large vocabulary image annotation
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Three
Assistive tagging: A survey of multimedia tagging with human-computer joint exploration
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Fast Structured Prediction Using Large Margin Sigmoid Belief Networks
International Journal of Computer Vision
On the consistency and features of image similarity
Proceedings of the 4th Information Interaction in Context Symposium
Breast mass classification using orthogonal moments
IWDM'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Breast Imaging
A semantic approach to recommending text advertisements for images
Proceedings of the sixth ACM conference on Recommender systems
Apples to oranges: evaluating image annotations from natural language processing systems
NAACL HLT '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies
Learning the Relative Importance of Objects from Tagged Images for Retrieval and Cross-Modal Search
International Journal of Computer Vision
Tag suggestion on youtube by personalizing content-based auto-annotation
Proceedings of the ACM multimedia 2012 workshop on Crowdsourcing for multimedia
Image annotation by semantic sparse recoding of visual content
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Efficient image annotation for automatic sentence generation
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Fast semantic image retrieval based on random forest
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Automatic image annotation using tag-related random search over visual neighbors
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Semantic context learning with large-scale weakly-labeled image set
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Semantically coherent image annotation with a learning-based keyword propagation strategy
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
An efficient two-stage framework for image annotation
Pattern Recognition
Joint image and word sense discrimination for image retrieval
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Image annotation using metric learning in semantic neighbourhoods
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Random forest for image annotation
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part VI
Labeling images by integrating sparse multiple distance learning and semantic context modeling
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part IV
Discriminative factor alignment across heterogeneous feature space
ECML PKDD'12 Proceedings of the 2012 European conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases - Volume Part II
Translating related words to videos and back through latent topics
Proceedings of the sixth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
K-Nearest Neighbors Relevance Annotation Model for Distance Education
International Journal of Distance Education Technologies
An interactive semi-supervised approach for automatic image annotation
PCM'12 Proceedings of the 13th Pacific-Rim conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
A picture is worth a thousand tags: automatic web based image tag expansion
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Learning to name faces: a multimodal learning scheme for search-based face annotation
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Ranking-oriented nearest-neighbor based method for automatic image annotation
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Annotation propagation in image databases using similarity graphs
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
MLRank: Multi-correlation Learning to Rank for image annotation
Pattern Recognition
Towards optimizing human labeling for interactive image tagging
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Content-based annotation and classification framework: a general multi-purpose approach
Proceedings of the 17th International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium
A feature-word-topic model for image annotation and retrieval
ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)
Image annotation with weak labels
WAIM'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Web-Age Information Management
Annotating web images by combining label set relevance with correlation
WAIM'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Web-Age Information Management
Nonparametric bayesian upstream supervised multi-modal topic models
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Effective automatic image annotation via integrated discriminative and generative models
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Multimedia event detection with multimodal feature fusion and temporal concept localization
Machine Vision and Applications
Learning semantic representations of objects and their parts
Machine Learning
A Multi-View Embedding Space for Modeling Internet Images, Tags, and Their Semantics
International Journal of Computer Vision
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Automatically assigning keywords to images is of great interest as it allows one to index, retrieve, and understand large collections of image data. Many techniques have been proposed for image annotation in the last decade that give reasonable performance on standard datasets. However, most of these works fail to compare their methods with simple baseline techniques to justify the need for complex models and subsequent training. In this work, we introduce a new baseline technique for image annotation that treats annotation as a retrieval problem. The proposed technique utilizes low-level image features and a simple combination of basic distances to find nearest neighbors of a given image. The keywords are then assigned using a greedy label transfer mechanism. The proposed baseline outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods on two standard and one large Web dataset. We believe that such a baseline measure will provide a strong platform to compare and better understand future annotation techniques.