Watermarking in halftone images with parity-matched error diffusion

Authors:
Jing-Ming Guo;Soo-Chang Pei;Hua Lee
Affiliations:
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C;Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.;Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9560, USA
Venue:
Signal Processing
Year:
2011

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Abstract

In this paper, a halftone watermarking technique of high watermark rate, robustness, and watermark-rate flexibility is presented. This technique, namely the parity-matched error diffusion (PMEDF) method, is capable of achieving an embedded watermark rate as high as 6.25-25% with good image quality and without the need for the original image as the reference for the decoding. The proposed PMEDF method employs the high efficient parity-matching strategy to spread a watermark bit to each pixel of a block of the host image. Thus, the majority voting mechanism can be applied for decoding to achieve an advantage of high robustness. As documented in the experimental results, this technique is capable of guarding against degradation, due to cropping, tampering, as well as print-and-scan process in error-diffused halftone images.