Asynchronous wakeup for ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Utilizing Solar Power in Wireless Sensor Networks
LCN '03 Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks
Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics
IEEE Pervasive Computing
ExOR: opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Trio: enabling sustainable and scalable outdoor wireless sensor network deployments
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Wireless adhoc sensor and actuator networks on the farm
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Trading structure for randomness in wireless opportunistic routing
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Energetic sustainability of routing algorithms for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Wireless sensor network survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop Performance
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Utility-Based Opportunistic Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks
ICDCS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 The 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey
Ad Hoc Networks
Routing and relay node placement in wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
Low-latency routing for energy-harvesting sensor networks
UIC'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing
Energy-efficient beaconless geographic routing in energy harvested wireless sensor networks
Concurrency and Computation: Practice & Experience
Opportunistic energy trading between co-located energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Energy Neutral Sensing Systems
Adaptive scheduling of real-time systems cosupplied by renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section on ESTIMedia'10
Achieving energy-synchronized communication in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section ESFH'12, ESTIMedia'11 and Regular Papers
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Energy consumption is an important issue in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which typically rely on portable energy sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technologies have made it possible for sensor nodes to be powered by ambient energy entirely without the use of batteries. However, since the energy harvesting process is stochastic, exact sleep-and-wakeup schedules cannot be determined in WSNs Powered solely using Ambient Energy Harvesters (WSN-HEAP). Therefore, many existing WSN routing protocols cannot be used in WSN-HEAP. In this paper, we design an opportunistic routing protocol (EHOR) for multi-hop WSN-HEAP. Unlike traditional opportunistic routing protocols like ExOR or MORE, EHOR takes into account energy constraints because nodes have to shut down to recharge once their energy are depleted. Furthermore, since the rate of charging is dependent on environmental factors, the exact identities of nodes that are awake cannot be determined in advance. Therefore, choosing an optimal forwarder is another challenge in EHOR. We use a regioning approach to achieve this goal. Using extensive simulations incorporating experimental results from the characterization of different types of energy harvesters, we evaluate EHOR and the results show that EHOR increases goodput and efficiency compared to traditional opportunistic routing protocols and other non-opportunistic routing protocols suited for WSN-HEAP.