Vibration-to-electric energy conversion
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Performance aware tasking for environmentally powered sensor networks
Proceedings of the joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Power conservation and quality of surveillance in target tracking sensor networks
Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Adaptive Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
WOWMOM '05 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Trio: enabling sustainable and scalable outdoor wireless sensor network deployments
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
WiseMAC: an ultra low power MAC protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks
ISCC '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Computers and Communications 2004 Volume 2 (ISCC"04) - Volume 02
Wakeup scheduling in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Funneling-MAC: a localized, sink-oriented MAC for boosting fidelity in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Ultra-low duty cycle MAC with scheduled channel polling
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Collaborative broadcasting and compression in cluster-based wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
Energetic sustainability of routing algorithms for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
Data forwarding in extremely low duty-cycle sensor networks with unreliable communication links
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Efficient geographic routing over lossy links in wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Efficient routing in intermittently connected mobile networks: the multiple-copy case
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
DW-MAC: a low latency, energy efficient demand-wakeup MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Energy-efficient capture of stochastic events by global- and local-periodic network coverage
Proceedings of the tenth ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Air-dropped sensor network for real-time high-fidelity volcano monitoring
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Leakage-aware energy synchronization for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Opportunistic flooding in low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks with unreliable links
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Challenge: ultra-low-power energy-harvesting active networked tags (EnHANTs)
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Spatiotemporal Delay Control for Low-Duty-Cycle Sensor Networks
RTSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 30th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Analyzing MAC protocols for low data-rate applications
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
IDEA: integrated distributed energy awareness for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
SUTC '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Perpetual and fair data collection for environmental energy harvesting sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
ODMAC: an on-demand MAC protocol for energy harvesting - wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks
Routing in intermittently connected sensor networks
ICNP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols
ESC: Energy Synchronized Communication in sustainable sensor networks
ICNP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 17th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols. ICNP 2009
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With advances in energy-harvesting techniques, it is now feasible to build sustainable sensor networks to support long-term applications. Unlike battery-powered sensor networks, the objective of sustainable sensor networks is to effectively utilize a continuous stream of ambient energy. Instead of pushing the limits of energy conservation, we aim to design energy-synchronized schemes that keep energy supplies and demands in balance. Specifically, this work presents Energy-Synchronized Communication (ESC) as a transparent middleware between the network layer and MAC layer that controls the amount and timing of RF activity at receiving nodes. In this work, we first derive a delay model for cross-traffic at individual nodes, which reveals an interesting stair effect. This effect allows us to design a localized energy synchronization control with ℴ(d3) time complexity that shuffles or adjusts the working schedule of a node to optimize cross-traffic delays in the presence of changing duty cycle budgets, where d is the node degree in the network. Under different rates of energy fluctuations, shuffle-based and adjustment-based methods have different influences on logical connectivity and cross-traffic delay, due to the inconsistent views of working schedules among neighboring nodes before schedule updates. We study the trade-off between them and propose methods for updating working schedules efficiently. To evaluate our work, ESC is implemented on MicaZ nodes with two state-of-the-art routing protocols. Both testbed experiment and large-scale simulation results show significant performance improvements over randomized synchronization controls.