Efficient geographic routing over lossy links in wireless sensor networks

Authors:
Marco Zúñiga Zamalloa;Karim Seada;Bhaskar Krishnamachari;Ahmed Helmy
Affiliations:
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;Nokia Research Center, Palo Alto;University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;University of Florida
Venue:
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Year:
2008

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Abstract

Recent experimental studies have shown that wireless links in real sensor networks can be extremely unreliable, deviating to a large extent from the idealized perfect-reception-within-range models used in common network simulation tools. Previously proposed geographic routing protocols commonly employ a maximum-distance greedy forwarding technique that works well in ideal conditions. However, such a forwarding technique performs poorly in realistic conditions as it tends to forward packets on lossy links. Based on a recently developed link loss model, we study the performance of a wide array of forwarding strategies, via analysis, extensive simulations and a set of experiments on motes. We find that the product of the packet reception rate and the distance improvement towards destination (PRR × d) is a highly suitable metric for geographic forwarding in realistic environments.