In search of reliable usage data on the WWW
Selected papers from the sixth international conference on World Wide Web
Secure accounting and auditing on the Web
WWW7 Proceedings of the seventh international conference on World Wide Web 7
Auditable Metering with Lightweight Security
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
An analytical model for negative bias temperature instability
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Remote activation of ICs for piracy prevention and digital right management
Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Matched public PUF: ultra low energy security platform
Proceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACM international symposium on Low-power electronics and design
Robust passive hardware metering
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
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Reliable and verifiable hardware, software and content usage metering (HSCM) are of primary importance for wide segments of e-commerce including intellectual property and digital rights management. We have developed the first HSCM technique that employs intrinsic aging properties of components in modern and pending integrated circuits (ICs) to create the first self-enforceable HSCM approach. There are variety of hardware aging techniques that range from electro-migration in wires to slow-down of crystal-based clocks. We focus on transistor aging due to negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effects where the delay of gates increases proportionally to usage times. We address the problem of how we can measure the amount of time a particular licensed software (LS) is used by designing an aging circuitry and exposing it to the unique inputs associated with each LS. If a particular LS is used longer than specified, it automatically disables itself. Our novel HSCM technique uses a multi-stage optimization problem of computing the delays of gates, their aging degradation factors, and finally LS usage using convex programming. The experimental results show not just viability of the technique but also surprisingly high accuracy in the presence of measurement noise and imperfect aging models. HSCM can be used for many other business and engineering applications such as power minimization, software evaluation, and processor design.