The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A platform for ubiquitous sensor deployment in occupational and domestic environments
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Tiny web services: design and implementation of interoperable and evolvable sensor networks
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
A building block approach to sensornet systems
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Design and implementation of a high-fidelity AC metering network
IPSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
ViridiScope: design and implementation of a fine grained power monitoring system for homes
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Experiences with a high-fidelity wireless building energy auditing network
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using circuit-level power measurements in household energy management systems
Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings
Automating energy management in green homes
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Home networks
Minimizing intrusiveness in home energy measurement
BuildSys '12 Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings
Monjolo: an energy-harvesting energy meter architecture
Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
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AC power meters require both voltage and current to be sampled concurrently to obtain real, reactive, and apparent power. Typically, the two measurements are taken in close physical proximity and fed into a single power metering device. In this paper, we explore the viability of decoupling the voltage and current channels, and placing them in physically disparate locations. Such decoupling could ease the installation of metering infrastructure and enable new sensing scenarios. However, decoupling the voltage and current channels raises a new question: how should they be recombined? Of the various approaches, we propose the voltage channel be virtualized: a voltage sensor measures the voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase, typically near the root of a circuit branch. The extracted phase is time-stamped relative to a global clock and disseminated wirelessly, along with the magnitude and frequency measurements, to power meters throughout the network. The power meters synthesize a suitably scaled replica of the voltage waveform locally, based on the parameters reported by the voltage sensor, and combine it with locally-measured current readings. This paper demonstrates - through empirical characterization of the line voltages, a proof-of-concept power meter implementation, and house-scale evaluation - that the design holds promise and offers substantially lower measurement errors than other distributed power metering approaches for non-resistive loads.