The macroscopic behavior of the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
The iSLIP scheduling algorithm for input-queued switches
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Experience in black-box OSPF measurement
IMW '01 Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement
Advances in Network Simulation
Computer
Internet research needs better models
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Network Emulation in the Vint/NS Simulator
ISCC '99 Proceedings of the The Fourth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications
Bridging router performance and queuing theory
Proceedings of the joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Self-configuring network traffic generation
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Real-Time Network Emulation with ns-2
DS-RT '04 Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications
Scalable Network Path Emulation
MASCOTS '05 Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems
Tmix: a tool for generating realistic TCP application workloads in ns-2
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Realistic and responsive network traffic generation
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Impact of Bottleneck Queue Size on TCP Protocols and Its Measurement
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
Towards user-centric metrics for denial-of-service measurement
Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Experimental computer science
Fidelity of network simulation and emulation: A case study of TCP-targeted denial of service attacks
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)
Flow-based partitioning of network testbed experiments
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Most popular simulation and emulation tools use high-level models of forwarding behavior in switches and routers, and give little guidance on setting model parameters such as buffer sizes. Thus, a myriad of papers report results that are highly sensitive to the forwarding model or buffer size used. Incorrect conclusions are often drawn from these results about transport or application protocol performance, service provisioning, or vulnerability to attacks. In this article, we argue that measurement-based models for routers and other forwarding devices are necessary. We devise such a model and validate it with measurements from three types of Cisco routers and one Juniper router, under varying traffic conditions. The structure of our model is device-independent, but the model uses device specific parameters. The compactness of the parameters and simplicity of the model make it versatile for high-fidelity simulations that preserve simulation scalability. We construct a profiler to infer the parameters within a few hours. Our results indicate that our model approximates different types of routers significantly better than the default ns-2 simulator models. The results also indicate that queue characteristics vary dramatically among the devices we measure, and that backplane contention can be a factor.