ESA/390 interpretive-execution architecture, foundation for VM/ESA
IBM Systems Journal
Shade: a fast instruction-set simulator for execution profiling
SIGMETRICS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Dynamo: a transparent dynamic optimization system
PLDI '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2000 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Formal requirements for virtualizable third generation architectures
Communications of the ACM
Virtualizing I/O Devices on VMware Workstation's Hosted Virtual Machine Monitor
Proceedings of the General Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
The PDP-11 virtual machine architecture: A case study
SOSP '75 Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Memory resource management in VMware ESX server
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
A comparison of software and hardware techniques for x86 virtualization
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Analysis of the Intel Pentium's ability to support a secure virtual machine monitor
SSYM'00 Proceedings of the 9th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 9
Accelerating two-dimensional page walks for virtualized systems
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
The design of a practical system for fault-tolerant virtual machines
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
The turtles project: design and implementation of nested virtualization
OSDI'10 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Virtualization performance: perspectives and challenges ahead
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
A light-weight virtual machine monitor for Blue Gene/P
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Runtime and Operating Systems for Supercomputers
A lightweight virtual machine monitor for Blue Gene/P
International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
Performance evaluation of HPC benchmarks on VMware's ESXi server
Euro-Par'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Parallel Processing
Cloud terminal: secure access to sensitive applications from untrusted systems
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Software techniques for avoiding hardware virtualization exits
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Towards exitless and efficient paravirtual I/O
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
Bringing Virtualization to the x86 Architecture with the Original VMware Workstation
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
A survey on cloud interoperability: taxonomies, standards, and practice
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
ACM SIGOPS 24th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
Fast dynamic binary translation for the kernel
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
Speeding up packet I/O in virtual machines
ANCS '13 Proceedings of the ninth ACM/IEEE symposium on Architectures for networking and communications systems
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Twelve years have passed since VMware engineers first virtualized the x86 architecture. This technological breakthrough kicked off a transformation of an entire industry, and virtualization is now (once again) a thriving business with a wide range of solutions being deployed, developed and proposed. But at the base of it all, the fundamental quest is still the same: running virtual machines as well as we possibly can on top of a virtual machine monitor. We review how the x86 architecture was originally virtualized in the days of the Pentium II (1998), and follow the evolution of the virtual machine monitor forward through the introduction of virtual SMP, 64 bit (x64), and hardware support for virtualization to finish with a contemporary challenge, nested virtualization.