Knowledge-based augmented reality
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Coordination of communication: effects of shared visual context on collaborative work
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Re-viewing reality: human factors of synthetic training environments
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Application of Augmented Reality to Industrial Tele-Training
CRV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision
An exploratory analysis of partner action and camera control in a video-mediated collaborative task
CSCW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Multimodal virtual environments: response times, attention, and presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 8th annual international workshop on presence II
The effects of explicit referencing in distance problem solving over shared maps
Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work
Gestures over video streams to support remote collaboration on physical tasks
Human-Computer Interaction
Evaluating two modes of observational learning in cognitive-spatial task training
EPCE'13 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: understanding human cognition - Volume Part I
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Multimodal training involving both visual and auditory information was shown to improve text comprehension and reduce cognitive load. However, it is argued that in spatial tasks visual guidance can impair training effectiveness because it encourages shallow performance strategies and little exploration. Moreover, visual aids are attractive to both trainers as well as trainees, who tend to use them despite their potential disadvantages. To examine this potential training trap, two experimental studies were conducted. In Study 1, each trainer instructed trainees on how to perform a 3-D puzzle in two conditions: vocal guidance (17 trainees), where only vocal instructions were possible, and vocal guidance with mouse pointing (17 trainees), where the trainer could also use a mouse to point out positions on the trainee's screen. The results showed that while the use of the mouse pointer reduced trainees' mental load during training, it also drastically lowered performance level on a non-supervised test. In Study 2, a real-world version of puzzle was trained. A comparison of a vocal guidance group (16 trainees) to a group trained with an additional mouse pointing and drawing option (16 trainees) showed, as well, reduced performance levels with the additional visual aids. The results suggest that the abundant use of multimodal training in Augmented Reality (AR) applications should be re-evaluated.