Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fuzzy Logic-A Modern Perspective
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
ICPR '98 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic using MATLAB
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic using MATLAB
A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods
Pattern Recognition
Biometric Recognition Using 3D Ear Shape
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
A real-time mathematical computer method for potato inspection using machine vision
Computers & Mathematics with Applications
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
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Human face detection plays an important role in a wide range of applications such as face recognition, surveillance systems, video tracking applications, and image database management. In this paper, a novel fuzzy rule-based system for pose, size, and position independent face detection in color images is proposed. Subtractive clustering method is also applied to decide on the numbers of membership functions. In the proposed system, skin-color, lips position, face shape information and ear texture properties are the key parameters fed to the fuzzy rule-based classifier to extract face candidate in an image. Furthermore, the applied threshold on the face candidates is optimized by genetic algorithm. The proposed system consists of two main stages: the frontal/near frontal face detections and the profile face detection. In the first stage, skin and lips regions are identified in HSI color space, using fuzzy schemes, where the distances of each pixel color to skin-color and lips-color clusters are applied as the input and skin-likelihood and lips-like images are produced as the output. Then, the labeled skin and lips regions are presented to both frontal and profile face detection algorithms. A fuzzy rule-based containing the face and lips position data, along with the lips area and face shape are employed to extract the frontal/near frontal face regions. On the other hand, the profile face detection algorithm uses a geometric moments-based ear texture classification to verify its outcomes. The proposed method is tried on various databases, including HHI, Champion, Caltech, Bao, Essex and IMM databases. It shows about 98, 96 and 90% correct detection rates over 783 samples, in frontal, near frontal and profile face images, respectively.