Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Analysis of physiological responses to a social situation in an immersive virtual environment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 8th annual international workshop on presence II
Online Affect Detection and Robot Behavior Adaptation for Intervention of Children With Autism
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Dual-task performance in multimodal human-computer interaction: a psychophysiological perspective
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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Psychophysiological measurements, which serve as objective indicators of psychological state, have recently been introduced into human–robot interaction. However, their usefulness in haptic interaction is uncertain, since they are influenced by physical workload. This study analyses psychophysiological responses to a haptic task with three different difficulty levels and two different levels of physical load. Four physiological responses were recorded: heart rate, skin conductance, respiratory rate and skin temperature. Results show that mean respiratory rate, respiratory rate variability and skin temperature show significant differences between difficulty levels regardless of physical load and can be used to estimate cognitive workload in haptic interaction.